Histo 23 Flashcards

What follicle is this?

What follicle is this?

What are the two major functions of the ovary?

A. Oogenesis and steroid hormone production

B. Fertilization and implantation

C. Menstruation and lactation

D. Ovulation and placentation

Which ovarian hormones promote growth of the internal and external female reproductive organs?

A. Progestogens

B. Estrogens

C. Androgens

D. Gonadotropins

What is a major function of ovarian progestogens?

A. Trigger follicular atresia

B. Promote external genital growth

C. Prepare endometrium for implantation

D. Initiate oocyte meiosis

What type of epithelium covers the surface of the ovary?

A. Stratified squamous

B. Simple columnar

C. Transitional

D. Simple cuboidal

The ovarian germinal epithelium is also classified as a type of:

A. Endothelium

B. Mesothelium

C. Neuroepithelium

D. Urothelium

Which region forms the outer portion of the ovary?

A. Medulla

B. Hilum

C. Cortex

D. Mesovarium

Which ovarian region contains developing follicles?

A. Medulla

B. Germinal epithelium

C. Tunica media

D. Cortex

Which region forms the inner portion of the ovary?

A. Medulla

B. Cortex

C. Germinal epithelium

D. Follicular layer

Which structures are characteristic of the ovarian medulla?

A. Primordial follicles

B. Loose CT, vessels, lymphatics, nerves

C. Zona pellucida and granulosa cells

D. Dense cartilage and glands

At birth, primary oocytes are arrested in which meiotic division?

A. Meiosis II

B. Mitotic metaphase

C. Meiosis I

D. Meiosis III

What happens to groups of ovarian follicles beginning at puberty?

A. All immediately ovulate

B. All undergo atresia

C. Remain permanently dormant

D. Undergo cyclic growth and maturation

Which follicular stage appears first during ovarian development?

A. Primary follicle

B. Primordial follicle

C. Secondary follicle

D. Graafian follicle

Primordial follicles first appear during approximately which fetal month?

A. First month

B. Second month

C. Third month

D. Sixth month

Early growth of primordial follicles is initially:

A. Dependent on LH

B. Dependent on FSH

C. Dependent on hCG

D. Independent of gonadotropins

A primordial follicle contains an oocyte surrounded by what type of cells?

A. Single layer of squamous cells

B. Multiple cuboidal layers

C. Columnar cells

D. Theca lutein cells

Which two stages are included under the category of growing follicles?

A. Primordial and Graafian

B. Primary and secondary

C. Secondary and luteal

D. Primary and Graafian

What is the final mature stage of ovarian follicle development?

A. Primordial follicle

B. Primary follicle

C. Graafian follicle

D. Corpus albicans

An early primary follicle develops during which portion of the ovarian cycle?

A. Luteal phase

B. Menstrual phase

C. Ovulatory phase

D. Follicular phase

Which hormone is the principal influence on early primary follicle development according to these notes?

A. FSH

B. LH

C. Progesterone

D. Prolactin

An early primary follicle is initially surrounded by which type of follicular cells?

A. Squamous cells

B. Single layer of cuboidal cells

C. Columnar cells

D. Stratified squamous cells

Which structure first appears during the primary follicle stage?

A. Corpus luteum

B. Follicular antrum

C. Zona pellucida

D. Corpus albicans

Which statement correctly describes the zona pellucida?

A. Secreted by granulosa cells

B. Made mainly of collagen

C. Found only after ovulation

D. Secreted by oocyte and glycoprotein-rich

What follicle is this?

What follicle is this?

What follicle is this?

In a late primary follicle, proliferating follicular cells are collectively called the:

A. Stratum granulosum

B. Theca externa

C. Cumulus oophorus

D. Corona radiata

What are the cells of the stratum granulosum called?

A. Theca cells

B. Granulosa cells

C. Stromal cells

D. Luteal cells

Which enzyme in granulosa cells converts androgens into estrogens?

A. 5α-reductase

B. 21-hydroxylase

C. P450 aromatase

D. Cholesterol desmolase

Which hormone increases P450 aromatase gene expression in granulosa cells?

A. LH

B. Prolactin

C. Estrogen

D. FSH

As a primary follicle matures, surrounding ovarian stromal cells differentiate into the:

A. Theca interna and externa

B. Corona radiata and cumulus

C. Granulosa and zona pellucida

D. Corpus luteum and albicans

Which thecal layer lies closest to the developing follicle?

A. Theca externa

B. Theca interna

C. Stratum granulosum

D. Tunica albuginea

What is the main function of theca interna cells?

A. Produce follicular fluid

B. Form the zona pellucida

C. Secrete steroid hormones

D. Form collagen

Which receptors are expressed by theca interna cells according to these notes?

A. FSH and insulin receptors

B. Estrogen and progesterone receptors

C. GnRH and prolactin receptors

D. LH and LDL receptors

Theca interna cells use cholesterol primarily to synthesize:

A. Androgens

B. Estrogens

C. Progestins

D. Gonadotropins

Which hormone stimulates theca interna cells to secrete androgens?

A. FSH

B. LH

C. ACTH

D. hCG

Theca interna cells are functionally similar to which testicular cells?

A. Sertoli cells

B. Spermatogonia

C. Leydig cells

D. Peritubular cells

What is the theca externa composed mainly of?

A. Granulosa cells

B. Steroid-secreting cells

C. Adipose tissue

D. Smooth muscle and collagen

Which pituitary hormone is a key factor in follicular maturation?

A. FSH

B. TSH

C. ACTH

D. Prolactin

Which growth factor listed in these notes contributes to follicular maturation?

A. VEGF

B. EGF

C. TGF-β

D. PDGF

Which insulin-like growth factor contributes to follicular maturation according to these notes?

A. IGF-II

B. IGF-III

C. IGF-I

D. IGF-IV

Which ion is listed as an important factor in follicular maturation?

A. Na+

B. K+

C. Cl−

D. Ca2+

What is the follicular fluid in a secondary follicle called?

A. Perivitelline fluid

B. Liquor folliculi

C. Amniotic fluid

D. Stromal fluid

Liquor folliculi is especially rich in which substance?

A. Collagen

B. Cholesterol

C. Hyaluronic acid

D. Glycogen

As fluid-filled spaces between granulosa cells merge, they form the:

A. Zona pellucida

B. Corona radiata

C. Cumulus oophorus

D. Antrum

What is the shape of the developing antrum described in these notes?

A. Crescent-shaped

B. Spherical

C. Triangular

D. Tubular

What happens to a mature Graafian follicle as it enlarges?

A. Moves into medulla

B. Becomes surrounded by cartilage

C. Bulges at ovarian surface

D. Loses its granulosa cells

The mound of granulosa cells supporting the oocyte in a mature follicle is called the:

A. Theca interna

B. Corona radiata

C. Stratum granulosum

D. Cumulus oophorus

What are the granulosa cells directly surrounding the oocyte called?

A. Corona radiata

B. Cumulus oophorus

C. Theca interna

D. Theca externa

In the mature follicle, which cells produce androgens under LH stimulation?

A. Granulosa cells

B. Theca interna cells

C. Theca externa cells

D. Corona radiata cells

In the mature follicle, granulosa cells convert theca-derived androgens into:

A. Progesterone

B. Testosterone

C. Estrogen

D. Cholesterol

What is this?

What is this?

What is this?

this is a _____ follicle

A large _____ follicle with remnant of zona pellucida.

If fertilization and implantation do not occur, how long does the corpus luteum remain active?

A. About 10 days

B. About 24 hours

C. About 3 weeks

D. About 6 weeks

What placental hormone is required to maintain the corpus luteum during pregnancy?

A. Prolactin

B. hCG

C. FSH

D. Oxytocin

Without hCG support, secretion of which hormones from the corpus luteum declines?

A. FSH and LH

B. hCG and prolactin

C. Progesterone and estrogen

D. Testosterone and DHT

What structure forms when the corpus luteum degenerates?

A. Corpus hemorrhagicum

B. Graafian follicle

C. Zona pellucida

D. Corpus albicans

How is the corpus albicans best described?

A. White scar-like structure

B. Fluid-filled follicle

C. Steroid-secreting gland

D. Mature oocyte

Where does fertilization normally occur?

A. Isthmus

B. Ampulla

C. Uterine cavity

D. Cervix

Before reaching the oocyte, sperm must first penetrate which surrounding cell layer?

A. Zona pellucida

B. Theca interna

C. Corona radiata

D. Stratum granulosum

According to these notes, the final steps of sperm capacitation occur while the sperm penetrates the:

A. Zona pellucida

B. Oolemma

C. Uterine wall

D. Corona radiata

According to these notes, capacitation causes release of what from the sperm head?

A. Glycosides

B. Progesterone

C. Collagen

D. Cholesterol

What does release of sperm-head glycosides during capacitation allow the sperm to do?

A. Complete meiosis II

B. Bind the zona pellucida

C. Form the male pronucleus

D. Implant in endometrium

What is triggered when a sperm binds to the zona pellucida?

A. Cortical reaction

B. Meiotic arrest

C. Acrosomal reaction

D. Luteinization

What is the major purpose of the acrosomal reaction?

A. Trigger implantation

B. Prevent capacitation

C. Maintain corpus luteum

D. Help sperm digest through zona pellucida

Although multiple sperm may penetrate the zona pellucida, what prevents more than one from completing fertilization?

A. Follicular atresia

B. Polyspermy-blocking mechanisms

C. Corpus luteum regression

D. Cumulus degeneration

If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum enlarges to form the:

A. Corpus albicans

B. Corpus hemorrhagicum

C. Corpus luteum of pregnancy

D. Graafian follicle

Which cells secrete hCG during early pregnancy according to these notes?

A. Granulosa cells

B. Theca cells

C. Pituitary cells

D. Chorionic trophoblasts

What is the main effect of hCG on the corpus luteum?

A. Maintains it

B. Causes atresia

C. Stops progesterone release

D. Converts it to albicans

Which pituitary hormones help maintain the corpus luteum during pregnancy according to these notes?

A. FSH and ACTH

B. LH and prolactin

C. TSH and GH

D. ADH and oxytocin

Which pancreatic hormone is listed as helping maintain the corpus luteum?

A. Glucagon

B. Somatostatin

C. Insulin

D. Pancreatic polypeptide

In addition to endocrine hormones, what type of ovarian signals help maintain the corpus luteum?

A. Autocrine antibodies

B. Neural transmitters

C. Exocrine enzymes

D. Paracrine factors

At about what point in gestation does the feto-placental unit take over corpus luteum function according to these notes?

A. 6 weeks

B. 12 weeks

C. 20 weeks

D. 28 weeks

The feto-placental unit involves an important interaction between the placenta and which fetal organ?

A. Fetal liver

B. Fetal adrenal gland

C. Fetal kidney

D. Fetal pancreas

According to these notes, the fetal adrenal gland synthesizes which estrogen?

A. Estradiol

B. Estrone

C. Estriol

D. Estetrol

According to these notes, fetal estriol synthesis uses which placental precursor?

A. Progesterone

B. Cholesterol

C. Testosterone

D. Pregnenolone

Maternal serum estriol levels can be used as an indicator of:

A. Fetal viability

B. Maternal ovulation

C. Placental location

D. Cervical dilation

What can happen to an ovarian follicle at any stage of development?

A. It must ovulate

B. It may undergo apoptosis

C. It becomes a corpus luteum

D. It becomes a placenta

After an oocyte degenerates, which structure may remain behind according to these notes?

A. Corpus luteum

B. Theca externa

C. Corona radiata

D. Zona pellucida

what is this?

this is an _____. the arrows point to ____ cells

this is a ______

What forms the outermost layer of the oviduct?

A. Serosa

B. Muscularis

C. Mucosa

D. Endometrium

What tissue covers the serosa of the oviduct?

A. Simple columnar epithelium

B. Mesothelium

C. Stratified squamous epithelium

D. Transitional epithelium

What lies immediately beneath the mesothelium of the oviduct serosa?

A. Smooth muscle

B. Endometrium

C. Connective tissue

D. Cartilage

How is the muscularis of the oviduct arranged?

A. Inner longitudinal, outer circular

B. Two equal circular layers

C. Skeletal muscle

D. Inner circular, outer longitudinal

Which muscular layer of the oviduct is thicker?

A. Inner circular layer

B. Outer longitudinal layer

C. Both are equal

D. Neither is muscular

The mucosa of the oviduct is arranged into:

A. Circular ridges

B. Thin longitudinal folds

C. Flat sheets

D. Transverse septa

What type of epithelium lines the oviduct mucosa?

A. Stratified squamous

B. Simple cuboidal

C. Simple columnar

D. Transitional

Which two cell types line the oviduct?

A. Goblet and basal cells

B. Chief and parietal cells

C. Squamous and cuboidal cells

D. Ciliated and peg cells

In which direction do cilia of the oviduct beat?

A. Toward the uterus

B. Toward the ovary

C. Toward the peritoneum

D. Toward the cervix

What is the main function of nonciliated peg cells in the oviduct?

A. Move the oocyte

B. Provide nutritive secretions

C. Produce mucus

D. Form smooth muscle

Which uterine region is the dome-shaped portion superior to the entry of the oviducts?

A. Cervix

B. Body

C. Fundus

D. Internal os

Which part of the uterus is described as the lower, barrel-shaped region?

A. Fundus

B. Body

C. Endometrium

D. Cervix

The internal os opens into the:

A. Uterine cavity

B. Vagina

C. Oviduct

D. Peritoneal cavity

The external os opens into the:

A. Uterine cavity

B. Vagina

C. Oviduct

D. Peritoneum

What is the outermost layer of the uterine wall?

A. Endometrium

B. Myometrium

C. Perimetrium

D. Stratum basale

The perimetrium is best described as the uterine:

A. Mucosa

B. Muscular layer

C. Basal endometrium

D. Serosa or visceral peritoneum

Which uterine layer is composed mainly of thick smooth muscle?

A. Myometrium

B. Endometrium

C. Perimetrium

D. Stratum functionale

Which uterine layer is the mucosa that responds to estrogen and progesterone?

A. Perimetrium

B. Endometrium

C. Myometrium

D. Serosa

Which hormone causes the proliferative phase of the endometrium?

A. Progesterone

B. FSH

C. Estrogen

D. LH

Which hormone causes the secretory phase of the endometrium?

A. Estrogen

B. FSH

C. LH

D. Progesterone

Which two layers make up the endometrium?

A. Stratum functionale and basale

B. Perimetrium and myometrium

C. Mucosa and serosa

D. Basale and muscularis

Which endometrial layer is the thicker portion that responds cyclically to ovarian hormones?

A. Stratum basale

B. Stratum functionale

C. Myometrium

D. Perimetrium

Which endometrial layer is shed during menstruation?

A. Stratum basale

B. Myometrium

C. Stratum functionale

D. Perimetrium

Which endometrial layer remains after menstruation?

A. Stratum functionale

B. Myometrium

C. Perimetrium

D. Stratum basale

What is the main function of the stratum basale after menstruation?

A. Regenerate the stratum functionale

B. Secrete progesterone

C. Produce uterine contractions

D. Form the perimetrium

What type of epithelium lines the stratum functionale?

A. Stratified squamous

B. Simple columnar

C. Simple cuboidal

D. Transitional

Invaginations of the endometrial surface epithelium form the:

A. Cervical crypts

B. Oviduct folds

C. Uterine glands

D. Placental villi

What phase of the menstrual cycle is this?

this is the _____ Secretory Phase

this is the _____ Secretory Phase

this is the _____ phase

Which arteries pass through the stratum basale of the endometrium?

A. Straight arteries

B. Spiral arteries

C. Arcuate arteries

D. Ovarian arteries

Within the stratum functionale, endometrial arteries become:

A. Straight

B. Spiral

C. Radial

D. Elastic

What do the spiral arteries primarily supply within the stratum functionale?

A. Myometrium

B. Stratum basale

C. Capillary beds

D. Perimetrium

Thin-walled dilated portions of endometrial capillaries are called:

A. Sinusoids

B. Venules

C. Canals

D. Lacunae

Which menstrual phase occurs at the same time as the ovarian follicular phase?

A. Secretory phase

B. Proliferative phase

C. Menstrual phase

D. Luteal phase

Which hormone primarily stimulates proliferation of the stratum functionale?

A. Progesterone

B. LH

C. Estrogen

D. FSH

The proliferative phase primarily causes which endometrial change?

A. Vascular rupture

B. Ischemia

C. Glandular secretion

D. Growth of stratum functionale

Which menstrual phase corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

A. Secretory phase

B. Proliferative phase

C. Menstrual phase

D. Follicular phase

The menstrual phase begins as which ovarian structure degenerates?

A. Graafian follicle

B. Primary follicle

C. Corpus luteum

D. Corpus hemorrhagicum

Degeneration of the corpus luteum causes levels of estrogen and progesterone to:

A. Increase sharply

B. Remain constant

C. Alternate rapidly

D. Decline

What is an early vascular event in the menstrual phase?

A. Spiral artery contraction

B. Straight artery dilation

C. Venous thrombosis

D. Capillary proliferation

Contraction of the spiral arteries causes which change in the stratum functionale?

A. Hyperemia

B. Ischemia

C. Hypertrophy

D. Fibrosis

What follows the initial contraction of spiral arteries during menstruation?

A. Immediate regeneration

B. Hormone surge

C. Prolonged vascular contraction

D. Placental implantation

After prolonged vascular contraction, what happens to endometrial vessels?

A. They become permanent

B. They form new branches

C. They move into basale

D. They rupture

Which sequence best describes the vascular events leading to menstruation?

A. Dilation → growth → rupture

B. Rupture → contraction → ischemia

C. Spiral artery contraction → ischemia → rupture

D. Ischemia → ovulation → rupture

what organ?

what organ?

what organ?

these are what glands

these are what glands

How does the cervical mucosa differ from the uterine endometrium?

A. It lacks spiral arteries and does not slough

B. It lacks glands completely

C. It contains only squamous epithelium

D. It undergoes no hormonal changes

Which statement best describes hormonal changes in the cervical mucosa?

A. It is completely hormone independent

B. It undergoes some hormone-dependent changes

C. It cycles exactly like endometrium

D. It undergoes menstrual shedding

Which vascular feature is absent from the cervical mucosa?

A. Capillaries

B. Venules

C. Spiral arteries

D. Arterioles

What do cervical glands primarily produce?

A. Estrogen

B. Progesterone

C. Glycogen

D. Mucus

Obstruction or dilation of cervical glands can produce which cysts?

A. Nabothian cysts

B. Bartholin cysts

C. Gartner cysts

D. Follicular cysts

The muscularis of the fibromuscular vaginal tube is composed primarily of:

A. Skeletal muscle

B. Smooth muscle

C. Cardiac muscle

D. Elastic tissue

How is the smooth muscle of the vaginal wall arranged?

A. Inner longitudinal; outer circular

B. Circular only

C. Inner circular; outer longitudinal

D. Longitudinal only

What type of epithelium lines the vagina according to these notes?

A. Simple columnar

B. Transitional

C. Keratinized squamous

D. Stratified squamous nonkeratinized

Which statement about vaginal glands is correct?

A. Vaginal glands are absent

B. Numerous mucous glands are present

C. Only serous glands are present

D. Sebaceous glands dominate

What is one major source of lubrication for the vagina?

A. Ovarian secretions

B. Cervical secretions

C. Endometrial glands

D. Uterine arteries

Which glands also contribute to lubrication of the vaginal opening?

A. Nabothian glands

B. Mammary glands

C. Bartholin glands

D. Endometrial glands

Where are the Bartholin glands located according to these notes?

A. Deep perineal pouch

B. Cervical stroma

C. Uterine wall

D. Superficial perineal pouch

Under estrogen stimulation, vaginal epithelial cells accumulate which substance?

A. Glycogen

B. Collagen

C. Cholesterol

D. Hemosiderin

Mammary glands undergo cyclic changes primarily in response to:

A. Thyroid hormones

B. Ovarian hormones

C. Adrenal catecholamines

D. Pancreatic hormones

What hormonal change occurs after birth that helps permit lactation?

A. Estrogen and progesterone fall

B. Estrogen sharply increases

C. Progesterone sharply increases

D. LH sharply increases

How does prolactin contribute to lactational amenorrhea according to these notes?

A. Increases LH secretion

B. Increases estrogen secretion

C. Inhibits LH secretion

D. Stimulates hCG