crime midterm Flashcards

Who is recognized as the founder of modern epidemiology after his work to identify the source of a
cholera outbreak in 19th Century London?

During the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, advancements in public health include all the
following answers except ...

The three skills that can help one use complex systems thinking include 10,000-meter thinking,
system-as-cause skill, and filtering skills.

Chapter 1 describes the efforts and strategies (i.e., components) used by New York City's Port
Authority to reduce crime in the bus terminal. Of the following answers, please select the
components that make up the complex system model of the Port Authority's intervention.

The definition of public health includes efforts completed by only one organization to relieve people
from avoidable adverse health outcomes

Protective factors are characteristics or behaviors that decrease the likelihood of negative health outcomes or the effects of risk factors.

Determinants of health are broader influences that impact health outcomes, including smoking, poor diet, and a lack of physical activity.

Life Expectancy is ...

Incidence quantifies the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease within a defined population over a specific period, typically expressed as an annual rate.

Risk factors are ...

Victimology is the multidisciplinary study of crime offenders and aims to shed light on the causes, consequences, and prevention of criminal offending.

Which of the following factors that contribute to victimization is incorrect?

Of the following types of victims, which type of victims are individuals or groups who are indirectly affected by the crime but are not in a close relationship with the primary victim?

Violent crimes include offenses such as homicide, burglary, robbery, and car theft.

Please select all of the following offenses that would be considered property crimes.

Which of the following is true about the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?

From the following answers, please select all the limitations of the UCR.

Recall Bias
Hierarchy Rule
Reporting Bias
Dark Figure of Crime
Limited Offense Details

The Hierarchy Rule is a methodological guideline law enforcement agencies employ when reporting
multiple offenses in a single criminal incident.

Despite its limitations, the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) uses the Hierarchy
Rule.

Victim blaming is a pervasive societal response to victimization, whereby individuals hold victims
responsible for the crimes committed against them. This attitude can manifest in various forms, such
as questioning the victim's actions, clothing, or behavior leading up to the incident.

Which of the following are factors that victims consider when deciding to report a crime?

Fear of retaliation from the offender
Mistrust or fear of law enforcement
Personal embarrassment
Cultural or societal norms
Belief the crime is minor

Faster police response times can lead to enhanced community trust in law enforcement

Which of the following are types of evidence the police collect when investigating a crime?

Physical
Documentary
Digital
Testimonial

Search warrants are issued by the prosecutor's office.

Which of the following are the two main types of trial formats?

Courtroom Trial
Bench Trial
Evidentiary Trial
Jury Trial

The Office of Victims of Crime (2000) outlined five historical stages of victims’ rights, which include:

Stage I: Response to crime (1972-1976)
Stage II: Polarization and unstable funding (1977-1981)
Stage III: Public awareness (1982-1986)
Stage IV: Expanding legislation agenda (1987-1991)
Stage V: Emerging professionalism and advancing advocacy (1992-present)

In 1996, "Kelly's Law" (the Community Notification Act) was passed as an amendment to the
national Child Sexual Abuse Registry legislation. It provided for the notification of local
communities about the presence of convicted sex offenders.

Victim impact statements (VIS) emerged as a powerful tool in the 1990s, enabling crime victims to
express the emotional, psychological, and physical impact of the crime on their lives in court.

The roles of public health professionals in advocating for victims' rights include which of the
following:

Advocacy within the public health sphere
Collaboration with victim support organizations
Legislative and policy advocacy
All the above

The future of victims' rights advocacy will undoubtedly be shaped by rapid technological
advancements. Digital platforms and social media will be powerful tools for raising awareness,
mobilizing support, and connecting survivors with resources.

What prevention concept analyzes and addresses health issues by considering the underlying causes
and the immediate effects of a problem?

Which of the following are levels of the social-ecological model:

Community
Biology
Relationships
Individual
Society

Bandura’s (1986) Social Cognitive Theory delves into the cognitive processes and learning
mechanisms that shape human behavior. This theory underscores the importance of understanding
how individuals learn from their experiences and the observations of others, ultimately influencing
their choices and actions.

Self-Determination Theory delves into the human need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. It
posits that individuals who feel in control of their lives, competent in their abilities, and connected
with others are less likely to engage in risky behaviors or become victims of crime.

Tertiary Prevention: This level is vital because it addresses the root causes and risk factors of victimization before it occurs