Chapter 14 European Exploration (AP Euro Atwell) Flashcards

god, glory, and gold

religious zeal led to missionaries, believed must save people with Christianity; reformation

personal greatness; humanism / Renaissance

through trade of metals and spices, countries could increase economy and individuals could gain wealth

Travels of John Mandeville, Marco Polo's Travels, Fra Mauro Map

likely fake, described flying carpets, giants, cannibals, evil women, gold castles, watching marriage consummation

written because Polo's jail cellmate, talked about visiting Mongols (Khan Khubilani) in Asia

legends believed to have made Christian cities in the East

Portugal and Spain + Prince Henry feared Muslims / Islam's growing power plus reformation --> MUST CONVERT TO CHRISTIANITY

better maps with curves / overseas, axial rudders and Lateen sails from China means can sail anywhere at any time and far out (tacking in wind) with lots of goods

with advanced arms and naval power

little power in Europe --> try to find more abroad; ended up largely beat out by other European countries

made school for navigation, wanted Christian Kingdom away from Muslims and trade for Portugal --> make coastal forts in Africa

Portuguese slave trade export areas (most exports from coastal Africa)

Portuguese king who sponsored Vasco de Gama

Portuguese, sailed around Cape of Good Hope to India, opening up trade form Atlantic Sea (Europe) to Indian Sea (Asia)

Portuguese, sailed for Portugal made direct sea route to India so Portugal can use India as a center of trade --> help abolish Muslim trade monopoly and found ginger and cinnamon in Arabian Sea

viceroy of Portuguese India, evil, broke Muslim monopoly on spice trade by violently seizing Malacca (Malaysia)

Spain sent him to South America, Portugal sent him to Brazil, helped map America and distinguish it as a continent from Asia

Italian, sailed for Spain, thought sailed west to Asia but actually went to Caribbean, central America, Cuba, Hispaniola; found gold and tried to convert Nat Am. to Christianity

sailed New England Coastline for Henry VII of England, likely first to Newfoundland in North America (or Columbus?) --> stream of European settlers, disappeared in storm

went to East North and South America, Panama, and discovered Pacific Ocean

Portuguese, sponsored by Spain, found out Pacific ocean is WIDEEE, discovered Magellan strait, circumnavigated Earth, killed in Philippines

illegally from the Portuguese in auctions/, pretending that they were guests on their ships

decide longitudinally which land belonged to Spain (West, Atlantic route, South America) v.s Portugal (East, Cape of Good Hope); because Portugal allowed slavery and Spain did not

Castilian crown, but mostly private

pyramids, art, agrarian, city-states, calendar, studied stars in temples and forehead push with cross-eye

YESSSS

in Valley of Mexico, had temples and houses and aquaducts, warriors that conquered Atlantic to Pacific in Mexico, loose political organization forced to pay tribute to capital

capital of Aztec Empire

Tabascans (forced, La Malinche), Tlaxcalan (gave warriors, no like Aztec conquerors)

Spanish, led troops and native city-state allies (Tlaxcala) against Tenochtitlan, taking the Aztec empire for Spain (spain control mexico)

Spanish, used weapons and smallpox and civil war to take over Inca empire and turn Cuzco --> Lima

in Peru, 4 corners each ruled by a governor; roads thousands of miles long with rest houses, storage depots, bridges

Pachakuti royal, Inca emperor, killed by Pizarro

Spanish, land grant to viceroy of area, can set up missions there (Jesuit)

advisory groups for church v.s viceroy; viceroys (laymen) could have control over ecclesiastical affairs

forced to pay tribute and farm on mission, mostly abused, gave many sicknesses (30-40% died), starved

friar who defended native populations --> encomienda abolished, beatings and forced prostitution reduced

build churches, cathedrals, schools, hospitals; convert / baptise natives, force natives to farm, made Spanish Inquisition

Dutch, France, England

Dutch East India Company and Dutch take Portuguese trade routes through the Cape of Good Hope and made settlements

as much "cargo" as possible crammed into ships, high death rate from disease and overly long trips

Dutch East India Company with sugar cane plantations

not new (used to be domestic servants), increased demand for sugar cane plantations in Americas --> increase (because Native Americans were all dying of disease)

275,000 in 16th, 1 million in 17th, 6 million in 18th (10 million total), mostly from British

protests occurred, but higher ups still sold their own people or prisoners of war for profit (coastal got superior weapons from slave traders to kidnap more on the interior)

cheap goods sent local European industries into poverty; depopulated African areas and caused increase war and violence there; Euro thought Africans inferior largely

African community who lost early brilliance and creativity to lost faith and human sacrifice due to slave trade

1770s = Quakers criticize, French Revolution abolished it, England followed after (BUT U.S.??? NO FOR SOME REASON???)

Phillipines gave Pacific trade, silk sent to Mexico for silver

Malaysia, dominated Indian Ocean / Indonesia (Ceylon, Sri Lanka, Malacca, Moluccas), pepper plantations in Java / Sumatra

mainland Southeast Asia = more independent (Malaysia = less cohesive), had factional disputes BUT drove out Europe (Euro forced to leave because of poor economic opportunity, French missionaries kicked)

Portuguese and Dutch try to colonize here and also get lots of trade (rivalry), but fail

replaced Portuguese in trade, gave cotton for spices, eventually British East India Company and crown gained control as colony

East India company of Britain representative, fought off French after they took Madras (British trade port), also defeats Mughal in Plassey

limited financial support from the government = limited territory

Mughal empire

Bengal ruler put Fort Williams (British) in underground prison

powerful without Europe, restricted Russian and English trade to Canton (island outside of China)

don't care when Portuguese arrive, conquer Mongolia and Central Asia until decline in late 16th due to failed alliance with Manchus

Manchus overthrow Ming --> peace and prosperity BUT need money for military leads to EURO trade

Russia = skins and furs, England East India Company = tea for silk

only Dutch; limited trade on Nagasaki

shogun of Japan when Europe comes to town

initially welcomed Europe due to shinies (ooh guns) but kicked after started to convert to Christianity and disrespect of shrines

Jesuit missionary who went to Japan and tried to convert people to Christianity, expelled by Tokugawa,

Japanese peasants killed because Christian by Tokugawa

Britain takes Barbados, Jamaica, Bermuda; France takes Saint Dominique (Haiti), Matinque, Guadeloupe; plantations with poorly treated AFrican slaves farming tobacco, cotton, coffee, sugar

uprisal against horrible plantation treatment

Dutch colony in New York (New Netherlands) until taken by England when Dutch West India Company goes bankrupt

English settlement in North America Virginia that fails spectacularly

successful English settlement in North America where British regulated trade, and raw material and manufactured stuff was exchanged between America and Europe

had 1.5 million people in 13 colonies, ruled by British Board of Trade, Royal Council, and Parliament

got furs, leathers, fish, timber but thin population --> Treaty of Utrecht and 7 years war = must surrender land to British

discovered Saint Lawrence River in Canada for French

took and made Quebec French province

French Bourbons became kings of Spain

contract between Spanish and merchants to bring slaves into Spanish Latin America

80% still farmers, but start of shift from agrarian to commercial activity and a world market

2-3% inflation because of high taxes and borrowing from bankers or precious metals or population increase, wages drops (good for industry because cheap labor and profit --> capitalism)

trade in Mediterranean and central Europe linked via Atlantic with Dutch

increased profits for world trade, Dutch East India Company did this

became stock/bank for Europe

ship building, mining, metallurgy (pumps / metal ore extraction)

silver, copper, and mercury monopoly with banks until Habsburg bankrupted him

the total volume of trade is unchangeable, and trade conflicts are economic warfare; the government needs to intervene in and prioritize trade with road/canal build, subsidies for trade companies, foreign good tariffs

raw materials

finished materials

wheat, timber, navali

wine

wool, fruit

silk

peppers, spices

sugar

coffee and tea had a BOOM in the 18th century

within Europe, though foreign goods were very expensive (especially American)

decreased populations due to disease, social and political order destroyed and replaced by European religion and culture, brought horses and cattle and cane sugar

coastal areas affected by slave trade, interior mostly fine before 1800, brought sweet potato and maize from americas

multiracial society with less rigid racial attitudes, brought horses and cattle and cane sugar

kids of Spanish / Portuguese men and Native American women

african and white kids

Jesuit missionaries tried to combine Confucianism with Christianity leads to conversion of lots of Chinese officers and citizens, but soon suppressed due to conflict amongst different missionary groups and Jesuits letting ancestors worship

nobles converted to Christianity in Kyushu and Shikoku but since Jesuits destroyed local shrines they were executed

poet who supported women's education

work in nunneries, orphanages, schools; husband dies = women own land

poor young men who could go abroad to get land, silver, gold

exchange of plants and animals between Europe and America (potatoes, chocolate, tomatoes, tobacco for horses, cattle, and wheat)

Chocolate, coffee, tea, Chinese furniture, porcelain

Anglo-Dutch trade wars, Brit-French rivalry over India and North America; piracy rampant

map projections that represented a spherical globe, accurate near equator but not away from it

Eurocentrism with Christian and European dominance