Micro 55 Flashcards

Hepatitis A is primarily transmitted by which route?

A. Respiratory droplets

B. Fecal-oral

C. Sexual only

D. Vector-borne

Hepatitis A contains which type of genome?

_____-sense _____-stranded _____

Hepatitis A belongs to which viral family?

A. Flavivirus

B. Hepadnavirus

C. Picornavirus

D. Retrovirus

Hepatitis A has what type of viral envelope?

A. Lipid envelope

B. Partial envelope

C. Double envelope

D. No envelope

Hepatitis A is therefore described as what?

A. Naked

B. Encapsulated

C. Segmented

D. Helical

What is the capsid shape of Hepatitis A?

A. Helical

B. Icosahedral

C. Complex

D. Bullet-shaped

Hepatitis A outbreaks commonly involve contamination of what?

A. Blood products

B. Respiratory secretions

C. Water

D. Skin lesions

Does Hepatitis A usually cause chronic infection?

Hepatitis A infection is generally what?

A. Self-limited

B. Persistently latent

C. Chronically progressive

D. Oncogenic

Does Hepatitis A produce a chronic carrier state?

The incubation period of Hepatitis A is approximately what?

A. 1–3 days

B. 5–10 days

C. 15–50 days

D. 3–6 months

Icteric symptoms of Hepatitis A typically appear after what period?

A. 1–3 days

B. 5–10 days

C. 15–50 days

D. 3–6 months

Children infected with Hepatitis A are commonly what?

A. Asymptomatic

B. Severely jaundiced

C. Chronically infected

D. Cirrhotic

Which antibody identifies acute Hepatitis A infection?

A. Anti-HAV IgG

B. Anti-HAV IgM

C. HBsAg

D. Anti-HBc IgG

Which antibody indicates immunity to Hepatitis A?

A. Anti-HBc IgM

B. HBeAg

C. Anti-HAV IgG

D. HBsAg

Anti-HAV IgG may result from ______ infection or ______.

Is a vaccine available against Hepatitis A?

Which public-health measure helps prevent waterborne Hepatitis A?

A. Fluoridation

B. Chlorination

C. UV avoidance

D. Iron supplementation

After recovery from Hepatitis A, immunity is generally what?

A. Short-lived

B. Absent

C. Long-lasting

D. Unpredictable

Reinfection with Hepatitis A after immunity is generally what?

A. Common

B. Expected yearly

C. Frequent in adults

D. Uncommon

Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through which routes?

A. Parenteral and sexual

B. Fecal-oral only

C. Respiratory droplets

D. Arthropod vectors

Hepatitis B has what type of envelope?

A. None

B. Enveloped

C. Capsid

D. Double capsid

Hepatitis B contains which type of genome?

A. ssRNA

B. Linear dsDNA

C. Circular partially dsDNA

D. dsRNA

Hepatitis B belongs to which viral family?

A. Picornavirus

B. Flavivirus

C. Herpesvirus

D. Hepadnavirus

Hepatitis B replicates using which unusual enzyme?

A. Reverse transcriptase

B. Integrase only

C. Neuraminidase

D. Protease only

Hepatitis B replication involves which intermediate?

A. DNA only

B. RNA intermediate

C. Protein intermediate

D. Lipid intermediate

Which HBV antigen forms the viral surface envelope?

A. HBcAg

B. HBeAg

C. Anti-HBs

D. HBsAg

Which HBV antigen is used in the vaccine?

A. HBsAg

B. HBcAg

C. HBeAg

D. Anti-HBc

Which HBV antigen is associated with the viral core?

A. HBsAg

B. HBcAg

C. HBeAg

D. Anti-HBs

The HBV core contains what structural geometry?

A. Helical

B. Complex

C. Icosahedral

D. Bullet-shaped

HBV enters hepatocytes using which receptor?

A. CD4

B. CCR5

C. ACE2

D. NTCP

NTCP normally functions primarily as what?

A. Sodium-bile acid cotransporter

B. Chloride channel

C. Glucose transporter

D. Calcium exchanger

Can Hepatitis B cause chronic infection?

Which HBV antigen indicates current infection?

A. Anti-HBs

B. Anti-HBc IgG

C. HBsAg

D. Anti-HBe

Which HBV marker is classically associated with high infectivity?

A. Anti-HBs

B. Anti-HBe

C. Anti-HBc IgG

D. HBeAg

Why does hepatocyte injury occur in Hepatitis B?

A. Cell-mediated immune attack

B. Direct viral toxin

C. Bacterial superinfection

D. Complement deficiency

Which lymphocytes kill HBV-infected hepatocytes?

A. CD4 cells

B. CD8 T cells

C. B cells

D. NK cells only

HBV-associated immune complexes can produce which hypersensitivity reaction?

A. Type I

B. Type II

C. Type III

D. Type IV

Which HBV antigen participates in circulating immune complexes?

A. Anti-HBs

B. Anti-HBc

C. HBeAg only

D. HBsAg

What is the first detectable antibody in acute Hepatitis B?

A. Anti-HBc IgM

B. Anti-HBs IgG

C. Anti-HBe IgG

D. Anti-HAV IgM

Anti-HBc IgM is most useful for identifying what?

A. Prior vaccination

B. Acute HBV infection

C. HAV immunity

D. Chronic HCV

During the HBV window period, which antibody remains detectable?

A. Anti-HBs only

B. Anti-HBe only

C. Anti-HBc IgM

D. Anti-HAV IgM

Which HBV marker is absent after vaccination alone?

A. Anti-HBs

B. HBsAg

C. HBeAg

D. Anti-HBc

Which marker is expected after successful Hepatitis B vaccination?

A. Anti-HBs

B. Anti-HBc IgM

C. HBsAg

D. HBeAg

Coinfection with which virus can worsen Hepatitis B infection?

A. Hepatitis A

B. Hepatitis C

C. Hepatitis D

D. Hepatitis E

Hepatitis D coinfection with HBV can cause what severe complication?

A. Fulminant liver failure

B. Acute pancreatitis

C. Nephrotic syndrome

D. Aplastic anemia

Hepatitis D is also known as what?

A. Dane agent

B. Delta agent

C. Australia antigen

D. Window agent

Chronic Hepatitis B increases the risk of what malignancy?

A. Cholangiocarcinoma only

B. Pancreatic carcinoma

C. Gastric carcinoma

D. Hepatocellular carcinoma

Approximately what percentage of HBV-infected adults develop chronic infection?

A. 5–10%

B. 20–30%

C. 40–50%

D. 70–80%

Which marker indicates immunity after resolved HBV infection?

A. HBsAg

B. HBeAg

C. Anti-HBs

D. Anti-HBc IgM

Which marker appears with both resolved infection and vaccination?

A. Anti-HBc

B. HBeAg

C. HBsAg

D. Anti-HBs

Which antibody indicates recent acute HBV infection?

A. Anti-HBc IgM

B. Anti-HBs

C. Anti-HBe only

D. Anti-HBc IgG

Which HBV antibody is especially important during the window period?

A. Anti-HBs

B. Anti-HBc IgM

C. Anti-HAV IgM

D. Anti-HCV

During the HBV window period, HBsAg is typically what?

A. Strongly positive

B. Increasing

C. Negative

D. Permanently positive

During the HBV window period, anti-HBs is typically what?

A. Strongly positive

B. Weakly positive

C. Permanently elevated

D. Negative

A resolving acute HBV infection may show which pattern?

A. HBsAg+, anti-HBs+

B. Anti-HBc IgM+

C. HBeAg+

D. Anti-HBs+

Which pattern indicates resolved natural HBV infection?

A. HBsAg+ and anti-HBc+

B. Anti-HBs only

C. Anti-HBc+ and anti-HBs+

D. HBeAg only

Which antibody distinguishes prior natural HBV infection from vaccination?

A. Anti-HBs

B. Anti-HBe

C. Anti-HAV

D. Anti-HBc

Lamivudine and entecavir target which HBV component?

A. Viral polymerase

B. Capsid protein

C. Surface antigen

D. Host ribosome

Tenofovir inhibits which HBV viral enzyme?

A. Protease

B. Polymerase

C. Integrase

D. Neuraminidase

HBV polymerase also possesses which enzymatic activity?

A. Protease

B. Integrase

C. Reverse transcriptase

D. Neuraminidase

Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily through what route?

A. Fecal-oral

B. Respiratory

C. Vector-borne

D. Parenteral

Which population has a particularly high risk for Hepatitis C?

A. IV drug users

B. Daycare workers

C. Swimmers

D. Food handlers

Sexual transmission of HCV is best described as what?

A. Impossible

B. Possible but less efficient

C. Primary route

D. Fecal-oral only

Hepatitis C has what type of viral envelope?

A. Naked

B. Capsid only

C. Enveloped

D. Double envelope

Hepatitis C contains which type of genome?

_____-sense _____-stranded _____

Hepatitis C belongs to which viral family?

A. Flaviviridae

B. Picornaviridae

C. Hepadnaviridae

D. Retroviridae

Hepatitis C belongs to which genus?

A. Flavivirus

B. Hepacivirus

C. Pestivirus

D. Deltavirus

Which hepatitis virus displays marked antigenic variability?

A. HAV

B. HBV

C. HCV

D. HEV

HCV antigenic variability results largely from what?

A. DNA recombination

B. Segmented genome

C. Host integration

D. Error-prone RNA polymerase

Which HCV enzyme generates frequent mutations?

A. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

B. DNA polymerase

C. Reverse transcriptase

D. Integrase

High HCV mutation rates contribute to what clinical problem?

A. Permanent immunity

B. Drug resistance

C. Loss of chronicity

D. Reduced transmission

Why has developing an HCV vaccine been difficult?

A. No viral proteins

B. No immune response

C. High antigenic variability

D. Virus lacks envelope

Which HCV protein is an important antiviral drug target and replication regulator?

A. HBsAg

B. HBcAg

C. NS3 only

D. NS5A

Which HCV protein functions as a serine protease?

A. NS3

B. NS5A

C. NS5B

D. Core protein

Which HCV protein is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?

A. NS3

B. NS5B

C. NS5A

D. E2

Which three HCV proteins are major antiviral drug targets?

A. E1, E2, core

B. HBsAg, HBeAg, HBcAg

C. NS3, NS5A, NS5B

D. NS1, NS2, NS4

NS5A inhibitors primarily interfere with what?

A. Host DNA synthesis

B. Cell wall synthesis

C. Folate synthesis

D. HCV replication complex

Can Hepatitis C cause chronic infection?

Approximately what proportion of acute HCV infections become chronic?

A. Less than 5%

B. About 70%

C. About 10%

D. Nearly 100%

Why can HCV reinfection occur after recovery?

A. HCV becomes DNA

B. Virus becomes latent

C. Antibody disappears immediately

D. Anti-HCV is not fully protective

Chronic Hepatitis C increases the risk of what malignancy?

A. Hepatocellular carcinoma

B. Renal cell carcinoma

C. Colon carcinoma

D. Thyroid carcinoma

Hepatitis G most closely resembles which hepatitis virus?

A. HAV

B. HCV

C. HBV

D. HDV

Hepatitis D has what type of envelope?

A. Naked

B. Nonenveloped

C. Enveloped

D. Double-capsid

Hepatitis D contains which type of genome?

_____-sense _____-stranded _____

What is the shape of the Hepatitis D genome?

A. Circular

B. Linear

C. Segmented

D. Branched

Hepatitis D belongs to which viral group?

A. Hepacivirus

B. Deltavirus

C. Picornavirus

D. Hepadnavirus

Hepatitis D requires which virus for productive infection?

A. HAV

B. HCV

C. HBV

D. HEV

Which HBV component supplies the envelope for Hepatitis D?

A. HBcAg

B. HBeAg

C. HBV polymerase

D. HBsAg

Hepatitis D can infect patients who have which existing infection?

A. Hepatitis A

B. Hepatitis B

C. Hepatitis C

D. Hepatitis E

Hepatitis D is transmitted primarily by which routes?

A. Fecal-oral

B. Respiratory

C. Vector-borne

D. Parenteral and sexual

Which HDV infection pattern generally has the worse prognosis?

A. Superinfection

B. Coinfection

C. Primary infection

D. Latent infection

HDV superinfection occurs in a patient with what?

A. Resolved HAV

B. Chronic HBV

C. Acute HCV

D. Prior HEV

In a patient with chronic hepatitis B infection, subsequent infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) is more likely to cause severe hepatitis than simultaneous infection with HBV and HDV. What best explains the increased severity of HDV superinfection?

A. HDV loses its viral envelope
B. HBV is already established and continuously provides HBsAg needed for HDV replication
C. HBsAg is absent before HDV infection occurs
D. Anti-HBs levels rapidly increase and enhance HDV replication

Hepatitis D liver injury may involve what mechanism?

A. Direct cytopathic effects

B. Only antibody neutralization

C. Complement deficiency

D. Bacterial superinfection

HDV-associated liver injury can also involve what?

A. Autoantibody blockade

B. Host immune response

C. Loss of bile acids

D. Renal toxin accumulation

Which antibody indirectly protects against Hepatitis D infection?

A. Anti-HBc

B. Anti-HBe

C. Anti-HBs

D. Anti-HCV

Fulminant hepatitis is especially associated with which viral combination?

A. HAV and HEV

B. HCV and HEV

C. HBV and HDV

D. HAV and HCV

Hepatitis E is primarily transmitted by which route?

A. Fecal-oral

B. Parenteral

C. Sexual only

D. Respiratory

Hepatitis E has what type of viral envelope?

A. Enveloped

B. Unenveloped

C. Double enveloped

D. Partially enveloped

Hepatitis E contains which type of genome?

_____-sense _____-stranded _____

Hepatitis E belongs to which viral family?

A. Flaviviridae

B. Picornaviridae

C. Hepadnaviridae

D. Hepeviridae

Which population has especially high mortality from acute Hepatitis E?

A. Pregnant women

B. Children

C. Athletes

D. Elderly men

Hepatitis E infection is usually what?

A. Chronically progressive

B. Self-limited

C. Latent lifelong

D. Oncogenic

Can Hepatitis E become chronic?

A. Never

B. Only in pregnancy

C. Yes, especially if immunosuppressed

D. Only with HBV

Chronic Hepatitis E is most likely in which patient?

A. Healthy child

B. Immunosuppressed transplant recipient

C. Healthy athlete

D. Pregnant adolescent