Chapter 13 Reformation (AP Euro Atwell) Flashcards

REFORM Christianity, religious education, simplicity like Jesus, inner piety, return to early Christian texts and ideas

standard Latin Bible

Northern Renaissance Humanist, emphasized inner piety, believed Vulgate had errors, edited / published own Greek / Latin New Testament, believed all should be able to read and interpret the scriptures, be like Jesus and early Christianity, go back to the simplicity the Bible teaches

by Erasmus, be like Jesus with Christianity as a daily philosophy rather than external displays (i.e. sacraments, pilgrim, fasting)

by Erasmus, satire (humor and sarcasm), criticized the Church / priests pretending to be knowledgeable

Erasmus, but he didn't approve because he wanted to reform, not create a whole separate religion (plus his focus on moderation and education was ignored)

humanist, Christian family man, friend of Erasmus, beheaded because didn't support Henry VIII divorce

by Thomas More, blueprint for perf society, imaginary island in New World, simplicity of worship in a perfect society

no, but he thought you should make as little wrong as possible, tactfully / indirectly writing wrongs in his Lord Chancellor of England position

pluralism, absenteeism; large division between high and low clergy (wealth and ignorance)

what is trendy at the time (e.g. relics worshipping)

pay to get out of purgatory quick scams, Frederick the Wise sold first, then Johann Tetzel sells for Archbishop Albrecht to fund Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome

movement that downplayed religious dogma, COPY JESUS

rule / tradition in religion accepted without question

by Thomas a Kempis, what would Jesus do, back to OG simple Christianity, deemphasize dogma, question everything, be judged by how you live

went from law to monastery after terrible storm, wanted assurance of salvation (Why would God let bad things happen to good people?), justification by grace through faith, everyone has personal relationship with god, basically kickstarted Protestantism

how a person is judged by God / made worthy of salvation

Pope during Luther time, needed indulgences to pay for Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome

by Luther, mailed or nailed to Wittenberg, criticism of corruption in the Catholic Church

Luther v.s Johann Eck, Luther denies popes and councils leading to a more clear break

1517 theses, 1519 debate, 1521 trial at worms

religious meeting

Luther issued a papal bull which he burns, later excommunicated and summoned to Reichstag HRE council, works to be burned, Luther to be captured and shipped to the Emperor

famous Luther quote at Trial at Worms

elector takes to his castle for a year to protect, where Luther translates the Bible into the vernacular (common German)

young peeps, university students, urban phenomenon, across Germany

first city to convert to Lutheranism, with Lazarus Spengler and council

Christian humanists like Erasmus (wanted unity)

Christian humanist who supported Luther, created German Gymnasium, called the Praecepter Germaniae (teacher of Germany)

by Luther, Luther opposes the peasant revolt against nobility in Germany because he needs the support of the Princes and the state to reform the church, state/rulers must maintain order because God/Gospel

states have an increasing role in Lutheran churches, since Luther's idea of everyone being their own priest and Bible is hard to put into practice

read Bible, preach, use word of God, song instead of Mass, Luther marries despite religious position, baptism and eucharist (communion) are the only sacraments of the 7 with no transubstantiation

tried and failed to preserve Christian Unity, got caught up in 24 year long war with Francis I of France (Habsburg-Valois Wars), plus papacy problems, plus Suleiman (Ottoman Turks) invading and killing King Louis of Hungary

French monarchy, threatened by Habsburg

sided with Francis I in Habsburg-Valois --> must listen to Holy Roman Empire / Charles V --> can't support Henry VIII divorce

Lutheran princes, afraid others would persecute them, become allies

war between Schmalkaldic (Lutheran) League with Henry II of France v.s Catholic Princes and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles V) over religion

Charles V defeats Schmalkaldic forces in 1st phase of war, but Henry II of France joins up with Lutherans so they revitalized

division of Christianity formally acknowledged and given equal standing, each German ruler has right to determine religion of subjects

Peace of Augsburg in 1555

Denmark and Sweden were Lutheran Strongholds

Denmark, Norway, and Sweden were combined under Denmark

overthrew Christian II to form an independent Sweden, leading to the Swedish Lutheran National Church

last Catholic king of Denmark

spread Lutheranism to Norway via preachers, created a Lutheran state church with royal authority

vegan Swiss reformation, wanted state supervision, killed in Swiss civil war (death=VIOLENCE in christianity), against external expressions of Christianity and celibacy of clergy

Zwingle meets with Luther and other Protestants to try to make alliance, fails b/c disagree on Lord's supper (Zwingl thinks symbolic, Luther thinks literal)

varied, people affected by the poor economy (peasants, miners, artisans), early Christianity simplicity (no theological), spiritual rebirth is chosen as adult, Lord's Supper is symbolic, separation of Church and state, no political office or guns or violence

expelled by Zwingli, spread to Southern Germany, Austrian Habsburg, and Sweden + peasants war spread to morovia, Poland, netherlands

Anabaptists got legal recognition, John of Leiden wants to be king of Munster and conquer the world with violence (new Jerusalem / God Kingdom)

todays Amish, rejuvenated Dutch Anabaptism, separate from world and be like Jesus, conform to rules

wanted male heir, 6 wives, establishes Church of England

gives Henry VIII divorce, reforms during Edward's reign to be more Protestant with the Book of Common Prayer

the king is the head of Church (Henry VIII), die if deny

unpopular because of Husband (Phillip II of Spain, Charles V son), also burned 300+ Protestant heretics, opposite effect (wanted restore Catholicism, made everything worse)

made Capitalism big, predestination (elect = God chooses to save, reprobate = damned), replaced Lutheranism as central form of Protestantism in the mid 16th century

by John Calvin, justify by faith, focus on the glory of God and his omnipotence

center for Protestantism, missionaries in France, Netherlands, Scotland, etc. ; Consistory was a church council that enforced moral discipline, combo religious life with civic behavior

less special holiness for celibacy, more focus on mutual love between men and women, read Bible as family

wife is husband's servant, must bear children because eve, control home but no role in religion, school only for morals

schools for all so peeps can read Bible, Luther believed all kids should be educated by the state to create good citizens / Christians / pastors

3 classes based on age and ability, a secondary school with liberal arts (humanists) and religion (Protestants), Phillip Melancthon

private school / gymnasium with seven classes on Latin / Greek Logic, plus public school with philosophy, Hebrew, theology; later became a university for Calvinist ministers

Puritans tried banning tavern drinking, dance, dramatic performances; Dutch Calvinists tried to get rid of giving presents to the kiddos during Saint Nicholas's Day

revival of Roman Catholicism, missionaries (studly), RESPONSE to Protestantism, new religious orders added but still DOUBLED DOWN on tradition and strictness

Capuchin leader, barefoot Carmelite nuns who focused on mysticism (having spiritual experiences for yourself)

renewed in Catholic reformation

Catholic reformation, return to simple poverty of Saint Francis, care for sick and poor, preach Gospel directly

reform secular clergy, clerics must do duty, orphanages, hospitals for war and prayer

nuns, goal is to get education for girls

informal clergy with men, women, laymen, clergy; focus on charitable acts and personal spirit development, taking the philosophy of Christ like Erasmus; mostly cardinals who wanted reform!

chief in Catholic Reformation, ABSOLUTE MILITARY OBEDIENCE, focus on obedience to pope, made by Ignatius Loyola, BIG at Catholic universities

by Ignatius Loyola, spirit development guide via physical and mental preparation, follow will of God

Catholic missionary push guy, carried to India and Japan (short-lived), all eventually spread Catholicism back to Poland

converted people to Catholicism in China (longer lived)

formally recognized Jesuits, called Council of Trent, made Contarini and Caraffa cardinals, reestablishes Roman Inquisition and Holy Office

thought compromise was heresy (conservative), 1st true pope of the Counter-Catholic Reformation; Index of Frobidden books started book burning, no read Luther or Protestant or Erasmus

wanted compromise with the Protestants for Christian unity (moderate)

Christian Council that met 3x; moderates hoped to encourage Protestant return v.s STRICT OPPOSITION amongst Catholic conservatives

reinforcement of a strict and clear body of doctrine, reemphasizing tradition (old school / conservatives win)

French Calvinists, mix of nobility and lower classes

ultra-catholics who oppose the Huguenots; convince king to kill Hugunot leaders leads to Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, power from papacy and Jesuits money

Guise family convinces king to kill Huguenot leaders at Henry of Navarre's wedding, leads to Catholic killing and torturing Huguenots in Paris massacre, discredited the Valois

royal family, Catholic

Henry of Navarre works with Henry III to crush Catholic Holy League and take Paris, assassinating Henry of Guise (wants to seize Paris for Philip II of Spain) before Henry III is killed by a monk and Navarre takes over

forced to convert to Catholicism after became King of France, issued Edict of Nantes (made Catholicism official French religion BUT also let Huguenots worship in specific areas and hold political office)

most Catholic King, tried to make monarchy more independent (took on all the work), used New World stuff to help economy but ended up just inflation and making Spain's power decline

Philip II lead against Turks in the Mediterranean, attempted to stop Netherland revolt and Queen Elizabeth

unified northern Dutch provinces with sea beggars (Dutch pirates) against Philip II, made union of utrecht (union of arras is the southern one)

after Philip II tries to gain more control and taxes and crush Calvinism, Dutch revolt amongst Northern provinces happen, Dutch Republic (North) eventually gained with United Provinces

after Bloody Mary, Anne Boleyn's daughter, good foreign policy with Sir William Cecil and Sir Francis Walsingham, avoided war but still let people raid and weaken Spain (Francis Drake), aided countries without strict alliances (Huguenots and Dutch Calvinists)

Elizabeth is top of Church of England and Realm, people must worship in same way amongst Catholics (Book of Common Prayer) but not persecution, TOLERANCE!

crazy Catholic kicked out of Calvinist Scotland, claimed she was rightful heir to England, tried to assassinate merciful Queen Elizabeth multiple times before finally beheaded

Phillip II attacks England through English Channel because of Dutch revolt, loss begins switch to England's New World domination and Spanish power decline (no more Spanish naval dominance)

scotland, swiss confederation, across France, Netherlands, small parts of Poland and Hungary

England and parts of Ireland

most places, Italy, Spain, most of France, most of Ireland, most of Poland, most of Hungary, most of Holy Roman Empire?

mainly found Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holy Roman Empire, influence around Holy Roman Empire and between France and Spain

near Poland and Holy Roman Empire, also in France