Nutrition 6 Flashcards

Which type of fatty acid contains no double bonds?

A. Monounsaturated fat

B. Saturated fat

C. Omega-3 fat

D. Trans fat

Most foods high in saturated fat are what at room temperature?

A. Solid

B. Liquid

C. Gaseous

D. Gel-like

Most dietary saturated fats come from which source?

A. Fruits

B. Grains

C. Animal foods

D. Legumes

Which oils are exceptions because they are plant-based yet high in saturated fat?

A. Olive and canola

B. Corn and soybean

C. Flax and walnut

D. Palm and coconut

For someone who needs to lower LDL-C, saturated fat should be reduced to about what percentage of calories?

A. 5–6%

B. 10–12%

C. 15–20%

D. 25–30%

Linoleic acid belongs to which fatty-acid family?

A. Omega-3

B. Omega-6

C. Omega-9

D. Trans fat

Why must linoleic acid be obtained from food?

A. It raises HDL

B. It contains cholesterol

C. The body cannot synthesize it

D. It contains no carbon

What is the adequate daily intake of linoleic acid for men?

A. 8 g/day

B. 10 g/day

C. 12 g/day

D. 17 g/day

What is the adequate daily intake of linoleic acid for women?

A. 12 g/day

B. 17 g/day

C. 20 g/day

D. 25 g/day

Which two very-long-chain fatty acids are omega-3 fats?

A. Oleic and linoleic

B. EPA and DHA

C. Palmitic and stearic

D. Linoleic and arachidonic

Which 18-carbon omega-3 fatty acid is essential?

A. Oleic acid

B. Linoleic acid

C. Alpha-linolenic acid

D. Palmitic acid

What is the main lipid-lowering effect of omega-3 fatty acids?

A. Lower HDL

B. Lower LDL greatly

C. Raise triglycerides

D. Lower triglycerides

What small effect can omega-3 fatty acids have on LDL-C?

A. Slightly increase it

B. Greatly decrease it

C. Eliminate it

D. No effect ever

How many double bonds does a monounsaturated fat contain?

What is the most common dietary monounsaturated fatty acid?

A. Linoleic acid

B. DHA

C. Oleic acid

D. EPA

Which oils are rich in monounsaturated fat?

A. Coconut and palm

B. Corn and soybean

C. Flax and walnut

D. Olive and canola

What does hydrogenation add to an unsaturated fat?

A. Hydrogen atoms

B. Oxygen atoms

C. Nitrogen atoms

D. Calcium ions

Hydrogenation can change a double bond from which configuration to trans?

A. Saturated

B. Cis

C. Omega

D. Aromatic

What is the minimum safe level of trans-fat intake?

What effect do trans fats have on LDL cholesterol?

A. Lower it

B. Do not affect it

C. Eliminate it

D. Raise it

What effect do trans fats have on HDL cholesterol?

A. Decrease it

B. Increase it

C. Double it

D. Do not affect it

Most serum triglycerides are carried in which lipoprotein?

A. HDL

B. VLDL

C. LDL

D. Chylomicrons

Most cholesterol in the blood is carried by which lipoprotein?

A. HDL

B. VLDL

C. LDL

C. IDL

Which animal food is especially high in cholesterol?

A. Chicken breast

B. Skim milk

C. Egg whites

D. Egg yolk

Which other foods are especially high in cholesterol?

A. Organ meats

B. Whole grains

C. Legumes

D. Vegetables

Which condition is a secondary cause of dyslipidemia?

A. Type 1 diabetes only

B. Type 2 diabetes

C. Iron deficiency

D. Hyperparathyroidism

Which endocrine disorder can cause secondary dyslipidemia?

A. Hyperthyroidism

B. Addison disease

C. Hypothyroidism

D. Diabetes insipidus

Which lifestyle factor can cause secondary dyslipidemia?

A. High water intake

B. Regular exercise

C. High fiber intake

D. Excessive alcohol use

Which liver condition can cause secondary dyslipidemia?

A. Cholestatic liver disease

B. Acute appendicitis

C. Peptic ulcer disease

D. Pancreatitis

Which kidney disorder can cause secondary dyslipidemia?

A. Kidney stones

B. Nephrotic syndrome

C. Simple cystitis

D. Acute pyelonephritis

Which additional renal condition can cause secondary dyslipidemia?

A. Renal artery stenosis only

B. Nephrolithiasis

C. Chronic renal failure

D. Ureteral obstruction

Which habit is a secondary cause of dyslipidemia?

A. Walking

B. Meditation

C. Hydration

D. Cigarette smoking

Which body-weight condition can contribute to secondary dyslipidemia?

A. Obesity

B. Underweight

C. Normal weight

D. Short stature

Besides diseases and lifestyle factors, what else can cause secondary dyslipidemia?

A. Vitamins

B. Certain medications

C. Vaccines

D. Electrolytes

About 2 tablespoons of sterol-fortified spread provides how much sterol/stanol ester daily?

A. 0.5–1 g

B. 1–2 g

C. 2–3 g

D. 5–6 g

Plant sterol/stanol intake can lower LDL-C by about how much?

A. 1–3%

B. 3–5%

C. 20–30%

D. 7–15%

Plant sterols and stanols may be added to which foods?

A. Margarine, yogurt, orange juice

B. Beef, chicken, fish

C. Rice, pasta, bread

D. Eggs, cheese, butter

In the GI tract, sterols and stanols compete with what for micelle entry?

A. Triglycerides

B. Cholesterol

C. Glucose

D. Amino acids

What is the result of sterol/stanol competition with cholesterol?

A. Increased cholesterol synthesis

B. Increased cholesterol absorption

C. Reduced cholesterol absorption

D. Increased triglyceride absorption

Long-term use of sterol/stanol products may reduce absorption of what nutrients?

A. Calcium

B. Iron

C. Vitamin B12

D. Carotenoids

How can patients help offset reduced carotenoid absorption from plant sterols?

A. Eat more fruits and vegetables

B. Avoid all vegetables

C. Increase saturated fat

D. Reduce fiber intake

How much viscous soluble fiber does ACC/AHA recommend at minimum?

A. 1–3 g/day

B. 5–10 g/day

C. 20–30 g/day

D. 40–50 g/day

What total daily fiber intake is recommended in these notes?

A. 5–10 g/day

B. 10–15 g/day

C. 25–35 g/day

D. 50–60 g/day

About 5–10 g/day of soluble fiber lowers LDL by approximately how much?

A. 1%

B. 2%

C. 15%

D. 5%

How does soluble fiber help lower cholesterol?

A. Binds bile acids in gut

B. Increases cholesterol absorption

C. Blocks pancreatic enzymes

D. Raises LDL receptors

What happens to bile acids after soluble fiber binds them?

A. They enter the liver

B. They are excreted in stool

C. They enter the bloodstream

D. They become triglycerides

Why does losing bile acids in stool lower serum cholesterol?

A. Kidneys excrete more LDL

B. Intestines stop absorbing fat

C. Liver uses cholesterol to make bile

D. HDL is converted to LDL

What does soluble fiber form in the GI tract?

A. Crystalline deposits

B. Fat droplets

C. Protein plaques

D. Gel-like material

What total daily fiber intake is recommended in these notes?

A. 25–35 g/day

B. 5–10 g/day

C. 40–50 g/day

D. 10–15 g/day

Which legume is especially high in soluble fiber?

A. Corn

B. Beans

C. Rice

D. Potatoes

Is antioxidant supplementation recommended as an added treatment for high cholesterol and heart disease?

Why are antioxidant supplements not recommended for cholesterol management in these notes?

A. They raise triglycerides

B. They increase LDL greatly

C. They cause hypertension

D. They may lower HDL and drug benefit

What is the preferred way to obtain dietary antioxidants?

A. Food sources

B. High-dose supplements

C. IV vitamins

D. Herbal extracts

Alcohol intake above what amount per day is associated with increased mortality?

A. 10 g

B. 30 g

C. 50 g

D. 70 g

More than about how many alcoholic drinks per day is associated with increased mortality in these notes?

A. One

B. Four

C. Two

D. Six

How much wine counts as one standard drink in these notes?

A. 2 ounces

B. 3 ounces

C. 8 ounces

D. 5 ounces

How much 80-proof liquor counts as one drink?

A. 1.5 ounces

B. 3 ounces

C. 5 ounces

D. 12 ounces

How much beer counts as one standard drink?

A. 5 ounces

B. 12 ounces

C. 16 ounces

D. 20 ounces

One proposed cardioprotective effect of alcohol is an increase in what?

A. LDL-C

B. Triglycerides

C. HDL-C

D. VLDL

Alcohol may reduce LDL oxidation through which compounds?

A. Sterols

B. Bile acids

C. Saturated fats

D. Polyphenols

Which group contains examples of antioxidant polyphenols in alcohol?

A. Catechin, quercetin, resveratrol

B. EPA, DHA, linoleic acid

C. Cholesterol, bile, sterols

D. Calcium, sodium, potassium

EPA and DHA supplementation is mainly used to lower what lipid?

A. HDL-C

B. LDL-C

C. Triglycerides

D. Total protein

How should high-dose EPA plus DHA be taken according to these notes?

A. Only through food

B. Without supervision

C. As IV therapy

D. Capsules under physician care

The triglyceride-lowering benefit of EPA and DHA comes from which type of fat?

A. Marine omega-3 PUFA

B. Saturated animal fat

C. Trans fat

D. Omega-6 only

How often should adults perform aerobic exercise to improve LDL and non-HDL cholesterol?

A. Daily only

B. 3–4 sessions weekly

C. Once weekly

D. Twice monthly

How long should each aerobic exercise session last on average?

A. 15 minutes

B. 20 minutes

C. 40 minutes

D. 90 minutes

What intensity of exercise is recommended for lipid improvement?

A. Very light

B. Stretching

C. Maximal

D. Moderate-to-vigorous

According to these notes, adults older than 60 should receive hypertension treatment when systolic BP exceeds what value?

A. 150 mm Hg

B. 130 mm Hg

C. 140 mm Hg

D. 160 mm Hg

For adults older than 60, what diastolic BP threshold is listed for treatment?

A. 80 mm Hg

B. 90 mm Hg

C. 100 mm Hg

D. 110 mm Hg

According to these notes, adults younger than 60 should be treated when systolic BP exceeds what value?

A. 120 mm Hg

B. 130 mm Hg

C. 140 mm Hg

D. 150 mm Hg

For adults younger than 60, what diastolic threshold is listed for treatment?

A. 70 mm Hg

B. 80 mm Hg

C. 100 mm Hg

D. 90 mm Hg

The DASH diet provides high amounts of which two minerals?

A. Potassium and calcium

B. Sodium and chloride

C. Iron and copper

D. Zinc and magnesium

The DASH diet is designed partly to reduce intake of what mineral?

What type of relationship exists between obesity and hypertension severity?

A. Inverse

B. Random

C. Linear

D. Exponential

What is the recommended upper sodium limit for the general adult population in these notes?

What sodium limit is recommended for higher-risk groups in these notes?

Which group is specifically listed as needing a lower sodium target?

A. Healthy teenagers

B. Endurance athletes

C. Adults with hypertension

D. Pregnant adults only

Which age group is included among those advised to limit sodium to 1500 mg/day?

A. Under 18

B. Under 30

C. Under 40

D. Age 51 or older

Which additional conditions place patients in the lower-sodium group?

A. Diabetes or chronic kidney disease

B. Asthma or COPD

C. Migraine or epilepsy

D. Anemia or hypothyroidism

According to these notes, the AHA encourages what sodium goal for both hypertensive and healthy adults?

A. 2300 mg/day

B. 1500 mg/day

C. 3000 mg/day

D. 4000 mg/day

Potassium supplementation can promote which renal effect?

A. Sodium retention

B. Water retention

C. Natriuresis

D. Glucose retention

Potassium supplementation may reduce release of which hormone?

A. Aldosterone

B. ADH

C. Cortisol

D. Renin

Potassium supplementation may decrease production of which mediator?

A. Thromboxane

B. Histamine

C. Bradykinin

D. Serotonin

Which food is high in potassium?

A. White rice

B. Bananas

C. Butter

D. Chicken breast

Which citrus foods are good potassium sources?

A. Lemons only

B. Grapefruit only

C. Oranges and orange juice

D. Limes only

Which preparation of potatoes provides a particularly good potassium source?

A. Fried without skin

B. Mashed without skin

C. Peeled and boiled

D. Potatoes with skins

What immediate effect does alcohol have on blood vessels?

Chronic alcohol use increases production of which vasoconstrictor?

A. Bradykinin

B. Thromboxane

C. Histamine

D. Nitric oxide

Which statement correctly compares acute and chronic alcohol effects?

A. Both cause only vasoconstriction

B. Both cause only vasodilation

C. Alcohol dilates; chronic use raises thromboxane

D. Alcohol constricts; chronic use lowers thromboxane

What is cardiac cachexia?

A. Acute pulmonary congestion

B. Isolated lower-leg swelling

C. Rapid cardiac hypertrophy

D. Wasting from long-standing heart failure

Cardiac cachexia is most associated with which condition?

A. Chronic heart failure

B. Stable hypertension

C. Acute pericarditis

D. Atrial fibrillation

Which body areas commonly show wasting in cardiac cachexia?

A. Legs and ankles

B. Upper body and temples

C. Abdomen and pelvis

D. Hands and feet

Which finding commonly occurs along with upper-body wasting in cardiac cachexia?

A. Facial flushing

B. Upper-extremity edema

C. Lower-extremity edema

D. Abdominal rigidity

Which combination best suggests cardiac cachexia?

A. Obesity with facial edema

B. Leg wasting with hypertension

C. Ascites with weight gain

D. Temporal wasting with leg edema

Why can heart failure cause bowel edema?

A. Hypoxemia and increased venous pressure

B. Increased arterial oxygen

C. Reduced venous pressure

D. Increased intestinal motility

Bowel edema in heart failure can impair absorption of which nutrients?

A. Calcium and iron

B. Fat and protein

C. Sodium and chloride

D. Glucose and potassium

Hypoxia of the liver can reduce production of what?

A. Insulin

B. Albumin only

C. Bile salts

D. Gastric acid

Hypoxia of the pancreas can decrease production of what?

A. Bile salts

B. Aldosterone

C. Renin

D. Pancreatic enzymes

Reduced bile salts and pancreatic enzymes can worsen what problem in cardiac cachexia?

A. Nutrient malabsorption

B. Hypertension

C. Hyperkalemia

D. Thrombosis

Reduced renal blood flow in heart failure may contribute to what urinary finding?

A. Hematuria

B. Proteinuria

C. Glycosuria

D. Pyuria

How do nutritional requirements change in heart failure?

A. They decrease

B. They remain unchanged

C. They increase

D. They disappear

Why do heart-failure patients often need more calories?

A. They become hypometabolic

B. Their digestion speeds greatly

C. Their kidneys waste glucose

D. They are hypermetabolic

Which factor contributes to the hypermetabolic state of heart failure?

A. Increased work of breathing

B. Reduced cardiac work

C. Reduced oxygen consumption

D. Decreased neuroendocrine activity

Which additional factor raises energy needs in heart failure?

A. Reduced heart movement

B. Increased mechanical cardiac work

C. Reduced respiratory effort

D. Reduced sympathetic activity

Altered neuroendocrine activity in heart failure increases what?

A. Bile production

B. Protein absorption

C. Oxygen consumption

D. Renal filtration

A patient with heart failure has dilutional hyponatremia. What fluid limit may be needed?

A. 500–750 mL/day

B. 750–1000 mL/day

C. 2500–3000 mL/day

D. 1500–2000 mL/day

How much protein may help promote anabolism in cardiac cachexia?

A. 1.5 g/kg/day

B. 0.5 g/kg/day

C. 3 g/kg/day

D. 5 g/kg/day

Giving about 1.5 g/kg/day of protein in cardiac cachexia aims to achieve what?

A. Negative calcium balance

B. Positive nitrogen balance

C. Sodium retention

D. Ketosis

What waist circumference defines abdominal obesity in men in these notes?

A. Greater than 30 inches

B. Greater than 35 inches

C. Greater than 40 inches

D. Greater than 45 inches

What waist circumference defines abdominal obesity in women?

A. Greater than 25 inches

B. Greater than 30 inches

C. Greater than 40 inches

D. Greater than 35 inches