Chapter 12: Renaissance (AP Euro Atwell 2026-2027) Flashcards

Greek philosopher who believed that motion is an illusion (OMG a guy who thinks differently wowww)

Greek philosopher who believed in layers of questions to build on knowledge, "the only thing I can be absolutely sure of is that I know nothing at all"

Greek philosopher who believed in a republic as a perfect society, theory of the forms, wrote dialogues

Plato's idea that a perfect version of everything exists somewhere, and when you die your soul sees that perfection depending on how good you are; those observations emerge as ideas in your next life

Greek philosopher who was really into ETHICS, golden mean

Aristotle's belief that we spend our lives working to find that JUSTTTT right spot (like the perfect homecoming date) that is perfectly balanced

dispute between France and England over right to succession in France

nobles used to be the only ones to fight while peasants died with their bad crossbows; England's longbow invention here allowed peasants to succeed and be seen as brave

French, helped turn the tide of 100 year war, England captures = WITCH DIE, but hailed as a saint later on

longbow invention, Black Plague, revolts in France and England

killed 25-50% of the population once it went pneumonic

priests would go around whipping themselves (people thought it was punishment from god), don't bathe or have attitude, antisemitism in Germany rose (poisoning the wells)

age of recovery, migration from rural to urban society, more wealth and secular spirit allows to enjoy worldly things

rebirth of classical antiquity (ancient Greeks and Romans) collected by the rich, recovery of the individual in humanism

individual greatness, achieve in life to become the universal person, read and learn about Greeks and Romans, more secular people

economic shifts went from the center in Italy to the Northwest with the Hanseatic League

group of North German coastal town merchants who dominated the economy from 1300-1500

shift away from them towards printing, mining, and metallurgy

had growth in this time, Medici family popularized in Hanseatic League, provided for papacy

2-3% held all political and military power, less serfdom, less manorialism (noble power over peasants), some peasants hired for work

guide for nobles on how to be good and serve royalty; included humility whilst being accomplished, grace, classical education, many talents, good character, exercise for military

noble idea that one must contribute to society to the best of their ability

50 year period where Portuguese imported slaves from Africa as craftsmen and concubines, died out due to morals but some still lived there as "curiosities"

strong allegiance to family with vendetta against any who offend it, patriarch, many deaths in childbirth or as kiddos, dowry given to wife family by husband in usually arranged marriage for politics or social status

Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples

leader of Urbino, allowed it to become center for culture, big patron of arts and a good and faithful ruler

makes Mantua a cultural center, educated in politics, left in charge when husband left Mantua, fashion icon and patron

ambassadors represent country by living in other countries, young men use high-ranking women to get info from, used to act for Christ and general welfare but now spy and do what they must

peace between Italian states, allowed Renaissance to grow, until later when tensions rose again between states and France and Spain until Spaniards dominated Italy

politics guy with a hardened view of life --> ends justify the means, it is better to be feared not loved to hold onto power as a ruler, humans are immoral

father of humanism, learn classics yourself instead of secondary sources, created liberal arts education (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, history)

civic humanism, contribute to society

1st to criticize ancient texts, possibility of authors lying about events, proper use of Latin

universe and people are held together by love, God is in all things, made Platonic Academy combining Plato (ancient works) and Christianity (modern era) --> theory of forms = heavens so it is ok to study and be a good Church member

"The Oration on the Dignity of Man" took nuggets of universal truth from diff philosophers that all show God's view of unlimited human potential, humans are like angel level on Earth

"The Liberal Studies," ran Mantua school for rich boys, promoted humanist / liberal education to create well-rounded and virtuous citizens, training body and mind

"Concerning Character," a free man must train the body and mind in the liberal arts and exercise

FOCUS ON GOD AND ETHICS NOT MATH

secularized to show change over time via political events rather than religious miracles

wrote history of Italy and Florence, analyzed political and military situations

1st movable type book, 50% printed books in 1500 religious

scholarly research with standardized and definitive texts as well as more ppl researching themselves, more lay people read

naturalism (imitation of nature), focus on human beings in art

frescoes, created realistic painting style, monumental figures and landscape and perspective

mathematical, perspective and light geometry and space organization

mythology and otherworldly but defined figures (birth of venus, primavera), in Lorenzo court

statues, humanity is dignified with david

architecture for humans not gods, Church of San Lorenzo

portraits represent humans prominent accurately, duke and duchess of urbino

Greek / Roman mythology, religious themes, idealization of nature

perspective/depth, geometry/triangles, point of focus, balance, theme

realism and idealism, last supper

ideal of beauty, school of athens

the divine one, divine beauty with perfect human proportions, statue resides in marble, David represents the renaissance

artist is a hero that deserves recognition and money, instead of just an artisan

wood panels, oil paints, bright range of colors, realistic detail

oil paint and range of colors northern artistic renaissance guy

perspective and proportion guy, Adoration of the Magi, northern artistic renaissance

musician in Renaissance, brought melody and secular tunes to mass instead of Gregorian chants

poem set to music about emotional and erotic love, music portrays literal text

Spain, England, France

western varies, central/eastern is usually weaker

created a direct annual tax on land and property without need for approval from parli, made royal army

permanent tax imposed by royalty

centralized power around the monarch instead of nobles

unruly noble, Louis XI took his conquered lands after he died

civil war amongst England's aristocratic families, beginning of the Tudor dynasty

made stronger monarchy, ended nobles' private armies, spent very little via judicial fees and crown lands and avoiding expensive wars

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille make Spain, but each have own parli, pro military, and they gained control of the Catholic church

enforced orthodoxy of Catholic Church

orthodoxy in religion pushed to convert or be persecuted / expelled

tortures unruly nobles

Habsburgs, international power that threatens France

Poland has elected kings via aristocrats, bohemian nobles have all the money and a bad monarch, Hungary church in control, Russia mongols control until Moscow princes take over

move in and invade until overthrow byzantium / Constantinople, Turks become a threat to hungary, Austria, Bohemia, and Poland

opposed corruption in PayPal authority / property, opposed pilgrimage and saints b/c not in Bible

took Wyclif's ideas and urged elimination of worldliness / corruption of the clergy, popes have too much power

occur after John Hus is burned after summon to Council of Constance church stuff

general council of the church gets authority from god, all christians and the pope must listen

regular general councils create legislative system above popes

condemns appeals to council over head pope at heretical, allows papal monarchy to regain power despite questionable morals

into property and political power, supported Renaissance culture

nepo baby pope making people, made sons / nephews into cardinals

warrior pope that led armies and tore down / rebuilt New Saint Peter's, funded Renaissance for policy reasons

a Medici pope that supported Raphael and the renaissance for cultural appreciation reasons