Path 6a Flashcards

A macrophage detects microbial products and activates a transcription factor that drives cytokine secretion and leukocyte recruitment. Which factor is most likely activated?

A. IRF

B. NF-kappaB

C. RAG1

D. HLA-DR

Which transcription factor increases expression of adhesion molecules needed for leukocyte recruitment?

A. NF-kappaB

B. IRF

C. RAG2

D. TCR

A cell responds to infection by producing type I interferons. Which transcription factor most directly drives this response?

A. NF-kappaB

B. IL-2

C. IRF

D. CD16

Interferon regulatory factors primarily stimulate production of which mediators?

A. Adhesion molecules

B. Type I interferons

C. Antibodies

D. IL-17

A cytosolic innate receptor detects material released from dying cells. Which receptor family best fits?

A. TCRs

B. NOD/NLR receptors

C. B-cell receptors

D. HLA molecules

NOD/NLR receptors can recognize which sterile danger signal?

A. Necrotic products

B. Antibody molecules

C. MHC molecules

D. Memory cells

A sudden intracellular ionic disturbance activates an innate sensor. Which receptor family can detect this change?

A. Alpha-beta TCR

B. CD16 receptor

C. NOD/NLR receptors

D. HLA-DR

Which stimulus can directly activate NOD/NLR receptors?

A. Microbial products

B. Plasma antibodies

C. Placental IgG

D. T-cell receptors

NLRP3 activation initiates inflammation by forming which structure?

A. Germinal center

B. Inflammasome

C. B-cell receptor

D. Adhesion complex

After an NLRP3 inflammasome forms, which enzyme is activated next?

A. Caspase-1

B. RAG1

C. CD79a

D. IL-17

Activated caspase-1 promotes inflammation by activating which cytokine?

A. IL-2

B. IL-4

C. IL-1

D. IL-17

A patient develops fever after inflammasome activation. Which mediator is most directly responsible?

A. IFN-gamma

B. IL-1

C. IL-2

D. IgG

Which sequence correctly links NLRP3 activation to fever?

A. NLRP3→IL-1→caspase-1→inflammasome

B. NLRP3→inflammasome→caspase-1→IL-1

C. NLRP3→caspase-1→inflammasome→IL-1

D. NLRP3→inflammasome→IL-1→caspase-1

A host receptor targets a feature present at the beginning of bacterial proteins. What is that feature?

A. N-formylmethionine

B. Ig-alpha

C. HLA-DR

D. CD16

Why is N-formylmethionine useful for immune recognition?

A. It initiates bacterial proteins

B. It activates B cells

C. It forms antibodies

D. It binds MHC II

An antigen activates only lymphocytes with matching preexisting specificity. What process is occurring?

A. Isotype switching

B. Clonal selection

C. Affinity maturation

D. Signal transduction

Clonal selection depends on lymphocytes having what before antigen exposure?

A. Preformed specific receptors

B. Secreted antibodies

C. Activated inflammasomes

D. Placental immunoglobulin

Which genes generate antigen-receptor diversity through recombination?

A. CD79a and CD79b

B. RAG1 and RAG2

C. IL-4 and IL-17

D. IgG and IgA

What does RAG stand for in lymphocyte receptor development?

A. Receptor activation gene

B. Recombination activating gene

C. Regulatory antigen gene

D. Recognition-associated gene

A lymphocyte recognizes antigen only when presented by an MHC molecule. Which receptor mediates this recognition?

A. Alpha-beta TCR

B. CD16

C. Ig-alpha

D. HLA-DR

Which receptor specifically recognizes MHC-presented antigen?

A. B-cell receptor

B. Alpha-beta TCR

C. CD16

D. NOD receptor

Which cells are uniquely capable of producing antibody molecules?

A. NK cells

B. T lymphocytes

C. B lymphocytes

D. Dendritic cells

A B lymphocyte begins secreting large amounts of antibody in tissue. What has it become?

A. Plasma cell

B. Plasmoblast

C. Langerhans cell

D. Tfh cell

An antibody-secreting B-lineage cell is detected in peripheral blood. What is it called?

A. Plasma cell

B. Plasmoblast

C. Tfh cell

D. Langerhans cell

Which pair transmits signals through the B-cell antigen receptor?

A. CD16 and IL-12

B. Ig-alpha and Ig-beta

C. RAG1 and RAG2

D. IgG and IgA

Ig-alpha is also designated by which marker?

A. CD16

B. CD79a

C. CD79b

D. HLA-DR

Ig-beta is also designated by which marker?

A. CD79b

B. CD79a

C. CD16

D. IL-12

A virus-infected cell becomes irreversibly stressed and abnormal. Which immune cell can directly destroy it?

A. B lymphocyte

B. NK cell

C. Tfh cell

D. Plasmoblast

An immature dendritic cell is identified within the epidermis. What is it called?

A. Plasmoblast

B. Langerhans cell

C. Tfh cell

D. NK cell

Which NK-cell surface molecule is commonly used for identification?

A. CD79a

B. CD16

C. HLA-DR

D. Ig-beta

An NK cell binds an IgG-coated target and lyses it. Which surface molecule mediates this process?

A. CD16

B. CD79b

C. Alpha-beta TCR

D. HLA-D

Killing of an IgG-coated target by NK cells is called:

A. Clonal selection

B. Isotype switching

C. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity

D. Affinity maturation

Which cytokine strongly activates NK-cell killing?

IL-____

After IL-12 stimulation, NK cells prominently secrete which cytokine?

A lymph node section shows lymphocytes concentrated in germinal centers. Which cells predominate there?

A. T lymphocytes

B. B lymphocytes

C. NK cells

D. Langerhans cells

Which lymphocytes are primarily located in the paracortex?

A. B lymphocytes

B. Plasma cells

C. T lymphocytes

D. Plasmoblasts

In the term HLA-DR, what does HLA mean?

A. Human leukocyte antigens

B. Helper lymphocyte antigen

C. Human lymphoid activator

D. Histologic leukocyte array

In HLA-DR, the letter R denotes what?

A. Receptor

B. Region

C. Subregion

D. Recombination

Within HLA-DR, the HLA-D region primarily encodes:

A. MHC I molecules

B. MHC II molecules

C. B-cell receptors

D. NK-cell receptors

Which cytokine acts as a growth factor for T lymphocytes?

IL-____

What is the major effect of IL-2 on T lymphocytes?

A. Stimulates proliferation

B. Recruits neutrophils

C. Promotes ADCC

D. Activates caspase-1

Which cytokine is the signature product of Th17 cells?

IL-____

A Th17 response is activated during inflammation. Which cells are recruited by its signature cytokine?

A. Neutrophils and monocytes

B. B cells and plasmablasts

C. NK cells and Tfh cells

D. Plasma cells and dendritic cells

Which cytokine pair participates in immunoglobulin isotype switching?

A. IL-1 and IL-2

B. IL-12 and IL-17

C. IL-4 and IFN-gamma

D. IL-2 and IL-12

A germinal-center B cell undergoes affinity maturation and isotype switching. Which cell is most important?

A. Th17 cell

B. Tfh cell

C. NK cell

D. Langerhans cell

Which immunoglobulin class can cross the placenta?

_____

Which immunoglobulin class primarily protects mucosal surfaces?

_____

Which immunoglobulin helps eosinophils kill parasites?

_____

A vaccine successfully produces long-term adaptive protection. What is a key intended outcome?

A. Memory-cell generation

B. Inflammasome formation

C. Caspase-1 activation

D. NK-cell depolarization

What are the different names given to monocytes depending on the tissue they are present in?

Outside the blood → ________
Liver → ________ cells
Connective tissue → ________
Skin → ________ cells
Bone → ________
Brain → ________ cells

Name the four antigen-presenting cells.

______
______ cells
______ cells
______ cells

Which immunodeficiency syndrome may cause disseminated mycobacterial and fungal infections?

IL-____ deficiency

What are the two main functions of IL-12?

Activates ____ ____ cells
Induces differentiation of T cells to ____ ____ cells

Which cytokines are involved in the induction, facilitation, and maintenance of granulomas in tuberculosis?

____-____ → Activates macrophages to induce granuloma formation
____-____→ Facilitates granuloma formation
____-____ → Maintains granuloma