Which hypersensitivity type involves IgE and mast cells?
Type I
Which hypersensitivity type is antibody-mediated against cell or tissue antigens?
Type II
Which antibody usually mediates type II hypersensitivity?
_____
IgG
Which hypersensitivity type involves antibodies against soluble antigens?
Type III
Type III hypersensitivity is also called what?
A. Immediate allergy
B. Cell-mediated disease
C. Immune complex disease
D. Atopic disease
C. Immune complex disease
Which antibody usually mediates type III hypersensitivity?
_____
IgG
Which hypersensitivity type is T-cell mediated?
Type IV
Prominent IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity is called what?
A. Autoimmunity
B. Atopy
C. Tolerance
D. Anergy
B. Atopy
Which helper T-cell response promotes allergic reactions?
A. Th1
B. Th17
C. Treg
D. Th2
D. Th2
Which cytokines promote IgE production during allergy?
A. IL-4 and IL-13
B. IL-2 and IL-12
C. IL-1 and IL-6
D. IL-10 and TGF-β
A. IL-4 and IL-13
Which cytokines are most involved in allergic responses?
A. IL-1, IL-2, IL-3
B. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
C. IL-6, IL-8, IL-10
D. IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF
B. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
Which cytokines induce type 2 immune responses?
A. IL-4, IL-5, IL-6
B. IL-1, IL-6, TNF
C. IL-25, IL-33, TSLP
D. IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ
C. IL-25, IL-33, TSLP
Which keratinocyte protein maintains the skin barrier?
A. Filaggrin
B. Perforin
C. Integrin
D. Collagen
A. Filaggrin
IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP activate which cells?
A. NK cells
B. ILC2 cells
C. CTLs
D. Plasma cells
B. ILC2 cells
Activated ILC2 cells produce which cytokines?
A. IL-1 and IL-6
B. IL-4 and IFN-γ
C. IL-2 and IL-12
D. IL-5 and IL-13
D. IL-5 and IL-13
Dendritic cells exposed to IL-5 and IL-13 promote differentiation toward what?
A. Th2 cells
B. Th1 cells
C. Treg cells
D. Th17 cells
A. Th2 cells
These dendritic cells also promote Tfh cells producing what?
A. IL-2 or IFN-γ
B. IL-4 or IL-13
C. IL-1 or TNF
D. IL-10 or TGF-β
B. IL-4 or IL-13
IgE contains which heavy chain?
A. Gamma
B. Alpha
C. Epsilon
D. Mu
C. Epsilon
Which high-affinity receptor binds IgE?
A. FcγRI
B. FcεRI
C. FcαRI
D. FcμR
B. FcεRI
FcεRI is found on which cells?
____ cells and ____
Mast cells and basophils
Which arachidonic acid metabolites cause vascular dilation?
A. Leukotrienes
B. Prostaglandins
C. Histamine
D. Heparin
B. Prostaglandins
Which arachidonic acid metabolites cause prolonged bronchial contraction?
A. Prostaglandins
B. Cytokines
C. Leukotrienes
D. Chemokines
C. Leukotrienes
Which mast-cell cytokines promote inflammatory cell recruitment?
______ and ______
TNF and IL-4
Mast-cell TNF and IL-4 promote inflammation rich in what?
______ and ______
Neutrophils and eosinophils
Which cytokine activates eosinophils?
IL-5
Asthma causes intermittent obstruction of which airflow?
A. Inspiratory airflow
B. Nasal airflow
C. Expiratory airflow
D. Lymphatic flow
C. Expiratory airflow
Which symptoms characterize asthma?
A. Rash, fever, arthralgia
B. Dyspnea, cough, wheezing
C. Edema, hematuria, fever
D. Pruritus, scaling, erythema
B. Dyspnea, cough, wheezing
Which condition is also called eczema?
A. Asthma
B. Urticaria
C. Atopic dermatitis
D. Anaphylaxis
C. Atopic dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis commonly causes which lesions?
A. Itchy red exudative papules
B. Painless necrotic ulcers
C. Vesicular dermatomal lesions
D. Nonblanching purpuric macules
A. Itchy red exudative papules
Chronic atopic dermatitis commonly produces what?
A. Oily erythematous skin
B. Dry scaly skin
C. Bullous skin lesions
D. Painless skin nodules
B. Dry scaly skin
Which drug class is commonly used to limit inflammation in antibody-mediated diseases?
_______
Corticosteroids
In severe antibody-mediated disease, which treatment reduces circulating antibodies?
A. Hemodialysis
B. Plasmapheresis
C. Splenectomy
D. Radiation
B. Plasmapheresis
A monoclonal antibody targeting which complement protein can treat myasthenia gravis?
A. C3
B. C4
C. C5
D. C9
C. C5
A synthetic IgG Fc fragment treats myasthenia gravis by binding what?
A. FcγRI
B. FcRn
C. FcεRI
D. CR1
B. FcRn
Binding FcRn therapeutically increases clearance of what?
A. IgA
B. IgM
C. IgE
D. IgG
D. IgG
Why do immune complex diseases tend to be systemic?
A. They affect blood vessels
B. They remain within lymph nodes
C. They target only epithelium
D. They require direct infection
A. They affect blood vessels
Antibodies against injected foreign proteins can cause what?
A. Arthus reaction
B. Serum sickness
C. Contact dermatitis
D. Atopic asthma
B. Serum sickness
What causes serum sickness?
A. IgE-mediated mast-cell activation
B. T-cell destruction of tissue
C. Immune complex deposition
D. Complement deficiency
C. Immune complex deposition
Immune complexes forming at an injection site cause what?
A. Serum sickness
B. Anaphylaxis
C. Atopic dermatitis
D. Arthus reaction
D. Arthus reaction
The Arthus reaction produces which local pathology?
______
Vasculitis
What is the mainstay treatment for immune complex diseases?
____
Steroids
Superantigens can activate large numbers of what?
A. B cells
B. Mast cells
C. T cells
D. Neutrophils
C. T cells
Massive T-cell activation by superantigens may resemble what?
A. Septic shock
B. Asthma
C. Serum sickness
D. Urticaria
A. Septic shock
Which cytokine is produced by Th1 cells?
A. IL-4
B. IL-5
C. IL-13
D. IFN-γ
D. IFN-γ
Which cytokine is the principal macrophage activator?
IFN-γ
Which helper T-cell subset recruits neutrophils?
A. Th1
B. Th2
C. Th17
D. Treg
C. Th17
Th17 cells are especially important for recruiting what?
A. Eosinophils
B. Neutrophils
C. Basophils
D. Plasma cells
B. Neutrophils
What is another name for type IV hypersensitivity?
A. Immediate hypersensitivity
B. Immune complex disease
C. Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity
D. Delayed-type hypersensitivity
D. Delayed-type hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity is mediated primarily by what?
A. T cells
B. IgE
C. IgG
D. Complement
A. T cells
Epitope spreading is best defined as which of the following immunological processes?
A. Passive diffusion of autoantibodies through vascular and tissue basement membranes
B. Expansion of an immune response to target distinct self-epitopes over time
C. Sequential cascade activation of complement proteins across adjacent host cell membranes
D. Systemic spillover of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the vascular circulation
B. Expansion of an immune response to target distinct self-epitopes over time
Which of the following cellular events most directly initiates the process of epitope spreading during ongoing tissue inflammation?
A. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
B. Chemokine-driven neutrophil recruitment to tissue sites
C. Tissue injury causing cell lysis and release of intracellular antigens
D. Somatic hypermutation leading to immunoglobulin class switching
C. Tissue injury causing cell lysis and release of intracellular antigens
Which cytokine can be blocked therapeutically in rheumatoid arthritis?
A. IL-4
B. IL-5
C. IL-13
D. TNF
D. TNF
Which cytokine receptor can be blocked therapeutically in rheumatoid arthritis?
A. IL-6 receptor
B. IL-2 receptor
C. IL-4 receptor
D. IL-5 receptor
A. IL-6 receptor
Antibodies against IL-17, IL-23, and TNF treat what?
______
Psoriasis
Which cytokines drives Th1 response?
IL-____
IL-12
Which cytokines drives Th17 response?
IL-____
IL-23
Blocking IL-12 and IL-23 can treat what?
_____ _____ _____
Inflammatory bowel disease