Philosophy Final Flashcards

Morality is subjective, not objective

Virtue

Goal of Hedonism, Free of all pain, Epicurus

You know if something is moral if it can be used for everyone (universal law)

God as principle for morality. What is good is determined by gods commands

Value judgements only express emotion

Moral values are based on natural facts about the world

Human Flourishing, Aristotle

Is it good because God commands it or if God commands it because it is good

morality is based on caring for others and that caring for others arises out of women’s experiences as caregivers.

Pleasure dictates what is good and pain what is bad

Purpose, meaning of life

No standard of evaluation between two things

the faulty argument that the intention of the artist determines the meaning of the work of art.

Kant, ideal society in which every individual is treated as an end and no one is treated as a means to an end.

Moral reasoning

only one fundamental intrinsic value

Morality is objective

there are multiple moral frameworks that are equally valid because values are relative to individuals, communities, and cultures.

Morality is not objective

Morals are objective and come from nature

an error in reasoning that one can derive values (what people ought to do) from facts about the world (what is the case).

Moore, good cannot be defined

multiple fundamental intrinsic values

that ethical values have some basis in reality and that reasoning about ethical matters requires an objective framework or foundation.

Goal/Purpose

bases morality on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.

what is good for a person

people should apply the greatest happiness principle on a case-by-case basis

Kant, a moral law that individuals have a duty to follow

development of individual character is key to the achievement of an ethical and harmonious society

outcomes to determine what is morally right

in Confucianism, ethical principles or path by which to live life; in Daoism, the natural way of the universe and all things

of living in accordance with the dao, the natural way of the universe and all things

focuses on duties or rules to determine the rightness of an action

characteristics makes something what it is

Human flourishing

social construct, epectations of women

end sexism, promote social justice for women

capacity to be a good person

actions are right when they produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people

pleasures associated with the exercise of a person’s higher faculties the use of higher cognitive faculties and/or participation in social/cultural life)

method of devising moral laws that specifies that each person be treated as an end, never merely as a means

ethical figure

Ritual/practice that develop ethical charater

pleasures associated with the exercise of a person’s lower faculties (e.g., basic sensory pleasures)

Consequentialism, Mozi

ethical claims can be derived from nonethical ones

duties that are obligatory

actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote pleasure and diminish pain

Virtue

people should use the greatest happiness principle to test possible moral rules to determine whether a given rule would produce greater happiness if it were followed

people do not know things they ordinarily think they know

a type of consequentialism introduced by Jeremy Bentham and developed by John Stuart Mill

Natural way of being

an invisible, unchanging creator gives rise to the material world that we live in.

inheritable genetic modification.

physical objects are made up of matter and form, Aristotle

work that is a possessor of moral status.

Capable of morality

patients have a right to exercise agency or self-determination when

we should act in ways that benefit others or that are for the good of others.

randomized trials should be conducted in a way that balances the interests of participants and aims of science.

distribution and practice of health care should be equitable or fair.

we should act in ways that do not cause harm to others.

genetic interventions in which genetic changes cannot be inherited or passed to a patient’s offspring.

Non violence

in Marxism, the estrangement of workers from their work and from themselves due to capitalist exploitation.

a state of no governance or political oversight.

elite members of society

legitimacy of the monarch or ruler is derived from the will of the divine.

all individuals enjoy equal status and moral worth and that any legitimate system of government should reflect this in its policies and procedures.

acceptance of one’s right to rule by the people being ruled.

moral law naturally intuited by humankind, according to the rationality given to them by God.

one is neither constrained to act nor obligated to refrain from acting in a specific way.

agreement among members of society to cooperate and allow some limits of their natural rights in exchange for protection and mutual benefits provided by government.

system of government that exercises complete control over its people in terms of both their personal and their public lives.

a person deliberately remains unaware of any personal traits and does not know what social, political, or economic group they are in.

Jürgen Habermas to refer to open discussion within a public forum, with the potential to change political systems and societies.

belief that all education should be in service of disrupting oppressive systems of power in all their forms.

analyzes systemic power relations to critique and transform society(Frankfurt School).

connecting the meaning of a text to the social forces at play in its creation; a strategy for analyzing the ways in which humans create objects and essential ideas where they don’t naturally exist.

Study, theory of texts

verification of the events said to be historical.

August Comte, in which people reject religion and focus only on things that can be proven.

the world cannot be interpreted through preexisting structures because there are no such existing structures; the idea that the universe is a confluence of forces that are given different meanings by human and nonhuman agents over time.

there is no absolute truth to the universe, leaving no grand objective narratives to categorize and structure the world (as in modernism) but everything to individual interpretation; the idea that truth is perspective.

attempt to cure mental illnesses by uncovering the unconscious elements that are said to be the foundation of human behavior.

a method of public self-analysis proposed by Mao Tse-Tung as a means to achieve personal and societal improvement.

the belief that the universe has a certain objective structure to it and that language indicates this structure; the belief that in order to understand individual parts of the universe, one must understand their place in the overarching structure of things.