Allergic Rhinitis
Nasal mucosa appears pale or blue and boggy.
Atrophic Rhinitis
Thinning of the nasal mucosa with sclerosis, crust formation, and foul odor.
Polyps
Typically occur as a consequence of chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa.
Viral Rhinitis
Nasal mucosa appears red and swollen with a clear runny nose.
Angular Stomatitis (Cheilosis)
Red sores at the corner of the mouth; often due to Vitamin B2 deficiency.
Atrophic Glossitis
Smooth, glossy tongue caused by B‑vitamin (B12) or iron deficiency.
Candidiasis (Thrush)
Thick white fungal patches that are easily scraped off.
Fissured Tongue (Scrotal Tongue)
Deep furrows on the tongue; normal variant.
Leukoplakia
Pre‑cancerous white patches that adhere tightly and cannot be scraped off.
Acromegaly
Excess growth hormone in adulthood causing enlargement of hands, feet, and facial bones.
Gigantism
Excess growth hormone before skeletal maturity.
Hyperthyroidism
Usually due to Graves’ disease; low TSH with elevated T3/T4.
Hypothyroidism (Myxedema)
Most commonly caused by Hashimoto’s; congenital form is cretinism with reduced physical and mental development.