Adie’s Pupil
sluggish pupillary reaction to light that is unilateral and caused by a parasympathetic lesion of CN III
Anisocoria
unequal pupil size
Argyll Robertson
bilaterally small & irregular pupils that accommodate but do not react to light; seen with Syphilis (Prostitute’s Pupil)
Arroyo Sign
sluggish pupillary reaction due to hypo‑adrenalism (Addison’s Disease)
Blepharitis
inflammation of the eyelid seen with seborrhea, staph infection, & inflammatory processes
Cataracts
opacities seen in the lens; commonly seen with diabetes and in the elderly; absent red light reflex
Chalazion
infection of the meibomian gland causing a nodule which points inside the lid
Conjunctiva
Pink (Normal), Pale (Anemia), Bright Red (Infection)
Corneal Arcus
grayish opaque ring around the cornea
Diabetic Retinopathy
affects the veins more than arteries; microaneurysms, hard exudates, and neovascularization
Ectropion
lid is turned outward; most commonly seen in the elderly
Entropion
lid is turned inward; most commonly seen in the elderly
Exophthalmosis
lid lag/failure to cover the eyeball; seen with Graves (bilateral) or tumor (unilateral)
Glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure; cupping of the optic disc (cup to disc ratio > 1:2); peripheral vision loss; rings around lights
Crescent Sign
present upon tangential lighting of the cornea
Hordeolum (sty)
infection of the sebaceous glands causing a pimple or boil on the eyelid
Horner’s Syndrome
ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis on the same side as cervical sympathetic interruption
Hypertensive Retinopathy
copper wire deformity, silver wire deformity, A‑V nicking, flame hemorrhages, cotton wool soft exudates
Internal Ophthalmoplegia
dilated pupil with ptosis and lateral deviation; doesn’t react to light or accommodation; Multiple Sclerosis
Iritis/Uveitis
inflammation of the iris; seen with Ankylosing Spondylitis
Macular Degeneration
most common reason for blindness in the elderly; central vision lost; macular drusen is an early sign