Micro 70 Flashcards

Peripheral microfilariae peak at night in which infection?

A. Loa loa

B. Wuchereria bancrofti

C. Onchocerca volvulus

D. Brugia timori

Which nematode produces numerous eggs in stool?

A. Strongyloides stercoralis

B. Enterobius vermicularis

C. Ascaris lumbricoides

D. Onchocerca volvulus

Where does Ascaris lumbricoides deposit its eggs?

A. Intestinal lumen

B. Bowel wall

C. Bile ducts

D. Pulmonary alveoli

Where do Strongyloides stercoralis eggs usually hatch?

A. Intestinal lumen

B. Bowel wall

C. Peripheral blood

D. Biliary tract

Why are Strongyloides eggs rarely seen in stool?

A. Eggs enter peripheral blood

B. Eggs remain inside adults

C. Eggs hatch within bowel wall

D. Eggs migrate into sputum

Which intestinal parasite is most identified by US laboratories?

A. Entamoeba histolytica

B. Giardia duodenalis

C. Cryptosporidium parvum

D. Strongyloides stercoralis

Urine contamination can destroy which parasite form?

A. Helminth larvae

B. Protozoan cysts

C. Motile trophozoites

D. Mature oocysts

Urine contamination may cause which laboratory problem?

A. Helminth eggs may hatch

B. Protozoan cysts may multiply

C. Microfilariae may disappear

D. Oocysts may sporulate

An unpreserved formed stool should arrive when?

A. Within thirty minutes

B. Within one hour

C. Within two hours

D. Within six hours

A liquid stool containing trophozoites requires examination when?

A. Within thirty minutes

B. Within one hour

C. Within two hours

D. Within four hours

A soft or loose stool should be examined when?

A. Within fifteen minutes

B. Within one hour

C. Within two hours

D. Within eight hours

How many stools are recommended for routine parasite examination?

A. One specimen

B. Two specimens

C. Three specimens

D. Five specimens

Which solution is used for fresh-stool wet mounts?

A. Saline

B. Formalin

C. Methanol

D. Mucicarmine

Which second reagent is used in stool wet mounts?

A. Calcofluor white

B. Iodine

C. Giemsa stain

D. Acid-fast stain

Which preservative maintains parasite morphology in stool?

A. Five-percent phenol

B. Ten-percent formalin

C. Absolute ethanol

D. Sterile saline

What does formalin concentration help recover from stool?

A. Trophozoites and microfilariae

B. Larvae and adult worms

C. Cysts and helminth eggs

D. Sporozoites and merozoites

Formalin concentration separates parasites from what?

A. Intestinal epithelial cells

B. Bulk fecal material

C. Bacterial culture media

D. Urinary sediment

Perianal sampling is primarily used for which parasite?

A. Ascaris lumbricoides

B. Trichuris trichiura

C. Enterobius vermicularis

D. Strongyloides stercoralis

Which method detects Enterobius vermicularis eggs?

A. Cellulose tape test

B. Thick blood film

C. Duodenal aspiration

D. Saline skin snip

Sigmoidoscopy material may diagnose which infection?

A. Giardiasis

B. Amebiasis

C. Enterobiasis

D. Cryptosporidiosis

Which parasite may be recovered from duodenal contents?

A. Enterobius vermicularis

B. Strongyloides stercoralis

C. Trichuris trichiura

D. Onchocerca volvulus

Duodenal sampling detects which Strongyloides form?

A. Eggs

B. Cysts

C. Larvae

D. Microfilariae

Suppurative liver lesions suggest which parasite?

A. Entamoeba histolytica

B. Giardia duodenalis

C. Naegleria fowleri

D. Trichomonas vaginalis

Subphrenic abscess-like lesions may follow which infection?

A. Schistosomiasis

B. Amebiasis

C. Trichomoniasis

D. Enterobiasis

Urinalysis may detect eggs of which parasite?

A. Schistosoma species

B. Ascaris lumbricoides

C. Onchocerca volvulus

D. Wuchereria bancrofti

Urinalysis may reveal which motile protozoan?

A. Giardia duodenalis

B. Trichomonas vaginalis

C. Entamoeba histolytica

D. Naegleria fowleri

Urogenital specimens are collected for suspected what?

A. Toxoplasmosis

B. Trichomoniasis

C. Leishmaniasis

D. Babesiosis

Late African trypanosomiasis is best detected where?

A. Peripheral blood

B. Urine sediment

C. Cerebrospinal fluid

D. Duodenal contents

When should nocturnal microfilarial blood be collected?

A. 6 AM to noon

B. Noon to 4 PM

C. 6 PM to 9 PM

D. 10 PM to 4 AM

When should blood be collected for Loa loa?

A. Around midnight

B. Around noon

C. Before sunrise

D. Late evening

Why is a thick blood film useful?

A. Preserves parasite morphology

B. Examines more blood

C. Identifies parasite species

D. Measures antibody titers

A thick blood film improves detection of what?

A. Light parasitemia

B. Intestinal cysts

C. Tissue larvae

D. Urinary eggs

CSF smears may detect trophozoites of what?

A. Acanthamoeba species

B. Naegleria fowleri

C. Entamoeba histolytica

D. Giardia duodenalis

Why are CSF concentrates used for Naegleria?

A. Increase trophozoite detection

B. Induce cyst formation

C. Preserve helminth eggs

D. Promote parasite culture

A saline-mounted skin snip detects which parasite?

A. Loa loa

B. Wuchereria bancrofti

C. Onchocerca volvulus

D. Brugia malayi

Strongyloides hyperinfection may produce larvae in what?

A. Urine

B. Sputum

C. Cerebrospinal fluid

D. Synovial fluid

Animal inoculation may assist detection of which genus?

A. Giardia

B. Trypanosoma

C. Entamoeba

D. Cryptosporidium

Peripheral eosinophilia most strongly suggests which parasitic infection?

A. Amebic infection

B. Helminth infection

C. Protozoal bloodstream infection

D. Ciliate intestinal infection

Most parasitic diseases are diagnosed primarily through what?

A. Antibody titers

B. Parasite culture

C. Microscopic morphology

D. Skin testing

Which clinical material is examined for morphologic parasite diagnosis?

A. Patient specimens

B. Culture supernatants

C. Purified antibodies

D. Environmental soil

Why are stool concentration techniques sometimes required?

A. Destroy bacterial contaminants

B. Increase low parasite recovery

C. Preserve motile trophozoites

D. Measure parasite antigens

Sedimentation or flotation can concentrate which helminth forms?

A. Microfilariae

B. Adult worms

C. Ova

D. Trophozoites

Sedimentation or flotation can concentrate which protozoal forms?

A. Cysts

B. Merozoites

C. Sporozoites

D. Trypomastigotes

Routine stool O&P examination commonly detects which parasite group?

A. Arthropods

B. Helminths

C. Blood protozoa

D. Tissue nematodes

Routine stool O&P examination may detect which protozoa?

A. Trypanosomes

B. Leishmania species

C. Amebae

D. Plasmodium species

After barium administration, stool parasite testing should wait how long?

A. One to two days

B. Three to four days

C. Five to ten days

D. Three weeks

After antibiotic therapy, stool parasite testing should wait approximately how long?

A. Two weeks

B. Two days

C. Five days

D. One month

How many stool specimens are recommended routinely?

A. One

B. Three

C. Five

D. Seven

The three recommended stool specimens should be collected over what period?

A. Twenty-four hours

B. Three days

C. Ten days

D. One month

Fresh stool should initially be examined using what?

A. Saline wet mount

B. Formalin fixation

C. Giemsa staining

D. Acid-fast staining

Which second reagent is used with saline mounts?

A. Mucicarmine

B. Calcofluor

C. Iodine

D. Methenamine silver

Fresh saline mounts help detect which protozoal form?

A. Motile trophozoites

B. Dormant cysts only

C. Intracellular merozoites

D. Circulating microfilariae

Which concentration procedure commonly follows formalin preservation?

A. Formalin ethyl acetate

B. Latex agglutination

C. Cellulose tape testing

D. Thick-film staining

Perianal sampling may occasionally detect which cestode?

A. Taenia species

B. Echinococcus species

C. Diphyllobothrium species

D. Hymenolepis species

A liver abscess aspirate may diagnose which parasite?

A. Giardia duodenalis

B. Entamoeba histolytica

C. Trichomonas vaginalis

D. Naegleria fowleri

Entamoeba histolytica may involve which space?

A. Epidural space

B. Subphrenic space

C. Subarachnoid space

D. Retroperitoneal space

Urine examination may detect which motile protozoan?

A. Giardia duodenalis

B. Trichomonas vaginalis

C. Entamoeba histolytica

D. Leishmania donovani

Malaria diagnosis depends heavily on collecting what?

A. Timed blood samples

B. Stool specimens

C. Perianal samples

D. Duodenal aspirates

Leishmaniasis may be diagnosed through examination of what?

A. Urine sediment

B. Blood-related specimens

C. Nail clippings

D. Perianal tape

Trypanosomiasis diagnosis requires expert examination of what?

A. Blood films

B. Stool concentrates

C. Skin scrapings

D. Sputum smears

Filariasis diagnosis depends on appropriately timed collection of what?

A. Urine

B. Blood

C. Stool

D. Sputum

Which blood preparation examines more blood volume?

A. Thin film

B. Thick film

C. Buffy coat

D. Plasma smear

Which blood preparation better preserves parasite morphology?

A. Thick film

B. Thin film

C. Wet mount

D. Concentrate

Nocturnal Wuchereria bancrofti samples should be collected when?

A. Noon to 4 p.m.

B. 6 a.m. to noon

C. 10 p.m. to 4 a.m.

D. 4 p.m. to 8 p.m.

When should Brugia malayi blood samples be collected?

A. Around noon

B. 10 p.m. to 4 a.m.

C. Early afternoon

D. Immediately after meals

Which stain most dependably demonstrates blood parasites?

A. Gram stain

B. Giemsa stain

C. India ink

D. Mucicarmine

Giemsa stain for blood parasites should use which pH?

A. 4.0 to 4.5

B. 5.0 to 5.5

C. 7.0 to 7.2

D. 8.5 to 9.0

CSF concentrates may reveal larvae of which nematode?

A. Strongyloides stercoralis

B. Wuchereria bancrofti

C. Angiostrongylus cantonensis

D. Onchocerca volvulus

Parasite immunodiagnosis traditionally detects which host product?

A. Antibody

B. Antigen

C. Complement

D. Histamine

Why can parasite antibody detection be misleading?

A. Antibodies disappear immediately

B. Antibodies may persist for years

C. Antibodies indicate only bacteria

D. Antibodies prevent microscopy

Persistent parasite antibodies make it difficult to distinguish what?

A. Intestinal from tissue disease

B. Acute from chronic infection

C. Helminths from protozoa

D. Male from female parasites

Detection of parasite antigen most strongly indicates what?

A. Past exposure

B. Current infection

C. Successful vaccination

D. Remote resolved disease

Why are molecular parasite tests useful in immunocompromised patients?

A. They require strong antibodies

B. They are immune-status independent

C. They detect eosinophilia only

D. They require parasite culture

Molecular parasite testing is unaffected by what historical factor?

A. Patient’s past infection history

B. Stool consistency

C. Collection temperature

D. Parasite morphology

Which advantage characterizes molecular parasite diagnosis?

A. Low specificity

B. Extreme sensitivity

C. Mandatory culture

D. Visible morphology

Which diagnostic method is uncommon for parasites?

A. Microscopy

B. Antigen testing

C. Culture

D. Molecular testing

Xenodiagnosis uses which laboratory organisms?

A. Laboratory-raised arthropods

B. Laboratory-raised helminths

C. Cultured erythrocytes

D. Embryonated eggs

What is the purpose of xenodiagnosis?

A. Measure parasite antibodies

B. Detect low parasite levels

C. Concentrate stool cysts

D. Preserve parasite morphology