Micro 67 Flashcards

Which group has increased parasite exposure from less-developed regions?

A. Local office workers

B. Travelers, refugees, Peace Corps workers

C. Vaccinated healthcare workers

D. Urban schoolteachers

Which patients are especially susceptible to parasitic infections?

A. Patients with seasonal allergies

B. Patients with hypertension

C. Patients with iron deficiency

D. HIV and transplant patients

Most medically important protozoa perform all life functions within how many cells?

A. Four cells

B. Multiple tissues

C. Two cells

D. One cell

Metazoans within the Animalia clade have which organization?

A. Acellular particles

B. Unicellular organisms

C. Multicellular animals

D. Colonial bacteria

Protozoa belong to which cellular category?

A. Prokaryotic organisms

B. Eukaryotic organisms

C. Acellular pathogens

D. Archaeal organisms

Most protozoa reproduce asexually through which process?

A. Budding

B. Meiosis

C. Conjugation

D. Binary fission

Which protist supergroup contains fungi and animals?

A. Opisthokonta

B. Archaeplastida

C. Amoebozoa

D. SAR

What locomotion is most characteristic of Amoebozoa?

A. Flagellar swimming

B. Gliding motility

C. Amoeboid movement

D. Ciliary rotation

Some Amoebozoa possess which additional life-cycle stage?

A. Ciliated stage

B. Spore-bearing stage

C. Encapsulated yeast stage

D. Arthropod stage

Which protist supergroup contains many parasitic lineages?

A. Archaeplastida

B. Opisthokonta

C. Excavata

D. Plantae

Which organisms are included within Archaeplastida?

A. Helminths and arthropods

B. Fungi and animals

C. Green and red algae

D. Amoebae and ciliates

What is notable about Archaeplastida medically?

A. They cause malaria

B. They contain no human parasites

C. They invade erythrocytes

D. They include intestinal worms

Which three lineages compose the SAR supergroup?

A. Metamonada, Discicristata, Amoebozoa

B. Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria

C. Fungi, animals, red algae

D. Ciliates, helminths, arthropods

Metamonada belongs to which protist supergroup?

A. SAR

B. Amoebozoa

C. Excavata

D. Opisthokonta

Giardia, Enteromonas, and Chilomastix belong to which group?

A. Apicomplexa

B. Metamonada

C. Ciliophora

D. Discicristata

Retortamonas and Dientamoeba belong to which group?

A. Amoebozoa

B. Metamonada

C. Stramenopiles

D. Apicomplexa

Trichomonas and Pentatrichomonas belong to which group?

A. Metamonada

B. Ciliophora

C. Discicristata

D. Rhizaria

Metamonada obtain energy primarily through which processes?

A. Aerobic respiration

B. Photosynthesis

C. Anaerobic metabolism

D. Oxidative phosphorylation

Discicristata belongs to which protist supergroup?

A. Excavata

B. SAR

C. Amoebozoa

D. Archaeplastida

Naegleria, Leishmania, and Trypanosoma belong to which group?

A. Discicristata

B. Metamonada

C. Ciliophora

D. Apicomplexa

Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, and Entamoeba belong to which supergroup?

A. Excavata

B. Amoebozoa

C. SAR

D. Opisthokonta

Endolimax and Iodamoeba belong to which supergroup?

A. Amoebozoa

B. Archaeplastida

C. Excavata

D. Stramenopiles

Amoebozoa move by extruding which structures?

A. Cilia

B. Flagella

C. Apical complexes

D. Pseudopodia

The term pseudopodia literally refers to what?

A. Feeding grooves

B. False feet

C. Surface vesicles

D. Tubular mitochondria

Amoebozoa commonly obtain nutrients through which behavior?

A. Photosynthesis

B. Phagocytosis

C. Budding

D. Sporulation

Amoebozoan mitochondria characteristically contain which structure?

A. Discoid cristae

B. Absent cristae

C. Flat vesicles

D. Tubular cristae

Apicomplexa belongs to which major protist supergroup?

A. Excavata

B. Amoebozoa

C. SAR

D. Opisthokonta

Babesia, Plasmodium, and Toxoplasma belong to which clade?

A. Apicomplexa

B. Ciliophora

C. Metamonada

D. Stramenopiles

Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Cystoisospora belong to which clade?

A. Amoebozoa

B. Apicomplexa

C. Discicristata

D. Ciliophora

Sarcocystis belongs to which protist clade?

A. Metamonada

B. Stramenopiles

C. Apicomplexa

D. Amoebozoa

Apicomplexans possess which membrane-associated structural feature?

A. Thick external capsules

B. Rootlike rhizoids

C. Pseudopodial extensions

D. Flattened membrane vesicles

What is the primary function of the apical complex?

A. Nutrient absorption

B. Binary fission

C. Anaerobic respiration

D. Host-cell penetration

Neobalantidium coli belongs to which clade?

A. Apicomplexa

B. Ciliophora

C. Metamonada

D. Discicristata

Neobalantidium coli belongs to which supergroup?

A. SAR

B. Excavata

C. Amoebozoa

D. Opisthokonta

Blastocystis belongs to which SAR lineage?

A. Alveolata

B. Rhizaria

C. Ciliophora

D. Stramenopiles

Blastocystis is classified within which supergroup?

A. Opisthokonta

B. Excavata

C. SAR

D. Amoebozoa

Metazoans are members of which clade?

A. Excavata

B. Archaeplastida

C. Animalia

D. Alveolata

Which two major parasite groups occur within Animalia?

A. Helminths and arthropods

B. Protozoa and fungi

C. Amoebae and ciliates

D. Algae and stramenopiles

Which description best defines helminths?

A. Unicellular flagellated organisms

B. Intracellular apicomplexan parasites

C. Aquatic arthropod vectors

D. Multicellular parasitic worms

Some helminths attach or penetrate using which structures?

A. Pseudopodia and cilia

B. Flagella and vesicles

C. Hooks or teeth

D. Capsules or spores

Nematoda are commonly called which type of worms?

A. Flatworms

B. Roundworms

C. Tapeworms

D. Flukes

Nematodes commonly include parasites of which location?

A. Blood vessels

B. Intestinal tract

C. Skin surface

D. Respiratory alveoli

Platyhelminthes are commonly called which type of worms?

A. Flatworms

B. Roundworms

C. Segmented worms

D. Threadworms

Which two groups belong to Platyhelminthes?

A. Trematodes and cestodes

B. Nematodes and cestodes

C. Arthropods and trematodes

D. Ciliates and nematodes

Cestodes are commonly called what?

A. Flukes

B. Roundworms

C. Pinworms

D. Tapeworms

Which is the largest animal group within Animalia?

A. Helminths

B. Arthropoda

C. Protozoa

D. Amoebozoa

Which Arthropoda class includes centipedes?

A. Crustacea

B. Myriapoda

C. Chelicerata

D. Hexapoda

Which arthropod class includes aquatic parasitic forms?

A. Myriapoda

B. Hexapoda

C. Crustacea

D. Chelicerata

Mites, ticks, spiders, and scorpions belong where?

A. Hexapoda

B. Crustacea

C. Myriapoda

D. Chelicerata

Which arthropod class contains insects?

A. Myriapoda

B. Crustacea

C. Chelicerata

D. Hexapoda

Which processes allow protozoa to acquire nutrients?

A. Budding, fission, conjugation

B. Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, diffusion

C. Photosynthesis, respiration, sporulation

D. Attachment, penetration, dissemination

Protozoa may transform into what during harsh conditions?

A. Trophozoite

B. Arthroconidium

C. Cyst

D. Hypha

What feature helps a protozoan cyst survive harsh conditions?

A. Thickened cell wall

B. Apical complex

C. Tubular cristae

D. Multiple flagella

How do helminths generally obtain nutrients?

A. Phagocytosis or passive absorption

B. Pinocytosis or active absorption

C. Photosynthesis or active absorption

D. Ingestion or passive absorption

Which nutrient is particularly important for helminth movement?

A. Carbohydrate

B. Cholesterol

C. Iron

D. Calcium

Helminth respiration is primarily which type?

A. Aerobic

B. Photosynthetic

C. Microaerophilic

D. Anaerobic

Which parasitic infection causes the most annual deaths?

A. Giardiasis

B. Toxoplasmosis

C. Amebiasis

D. Malaria

Naegleria fowleri causes which neurologic disease?

A. Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis

B. Chronic peripheral neuropathy

C. Self-limited aseptic meningitis

D. Progressive spinal myelitis

Which exposure transmits Naegleria fowleri?

A. Drinking contaminated milk

B. Eating undercooked meat

C. Swimming in warm freshwater

D. Mosquito bites

Which vector transmits Leishmania species?

A. Sandfly

B. Ixodes tick

C. Tsetse fly

D. Female mosquito

Which disease is caused by Trypanosoma brucei?

A. Chagas disease

B. African sleeping sickness

C. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis

D. Visceral leishmaniasis

Which insect transmits Trypanosoma brucei?

A. Simulium blackfly

B. Triatomine bug

C. Sandfly

D. Tsetse fly

Tsetse flies transmit Trypanosoma brucei through which route?

A. Salivary gland secretions

B. Feces near bite

C. Eggs in water

D. Larvae in muscle

Which disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi?

A. African sleeping sickness

B. Chagas disease

C. Babesiosis

D. Malaria

Which vector carries Trypanosoma cruzi?

A. Triatomine kissing bug

B. Tsetse fly

C. Ixodes tick

D. Simulium blackfly

How does a triatomine bug transmit Trypanosoma cruzi?

A. Feces enter wound or mucosa

B. Saliva enters during feeding

C. Larvae penetrate intact skin

D. Oocysts contaminate water

Amoebae move through extrusion of which structures?

A. Cilia

B. Flagella

C. Pseudopodia

D. Apical complexes

Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia can cause which disease?

A. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis

B. African sleeping sickness

C. Intestinal amebiasis

D. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis

How is Entamoeba histolytica commonly acquired?

A. Mosquito-injected sporozoites

B. Larvae in raw fish

C. Cysts in contaminated water

D. Feces from kissing bugs

Which form disperses Entamoeba histolytica between hosts?

A. Cysts passed in stool

B. Trophozoites in saliva

C. Oocysts in mosquitoes

D. Larvae in muscle

Which ciliate is known to parasitize humans?

A. Blastocystis species

B. Entamoeba histolytica

C. Giardia duodenalis

D. Neobalantidium coli

Which organ system is absent in helminths?

A. Reproductive system

B. Circulatory system

C. Nervous system

D. Excretory system

Most trematodes possess which reproductive arrangement?

A. Male and female organs

B. Separate male worms

C. Asexual reproduction

D. Parthenogenesis

Which trematodes are an exception to hermaphroditism?

A. Fasciola species

B. Clonorchis species

C. Schistosoma species

D. Paragonimus species

Which organ system is absent in cestodes?

A. Reproductive system

B. Digestive system

C. Nervous system

D. Excretory system

Centipedes and millipedes belong to which class?

A. Crustacea

B. Hexapoda

C. Chelicerata

D. Myriapoda

Flies, fleas, lice, and bugs belong where?

A. Hexapoda

B. Myriapoda

C. Crustacea

D. Chelicerata

Respiration in most parasitic protozoa is primarily what?

A. Facultatively anaerobic

B. Obligately aerobic

C. Photosynthetic

D. Strictly anaerobic

What does facultatively anaerobic metabolism permit?

A. Photosynthesis without light

B. Energy only with oxygen

C. Metabolism with or without oxygen

D. Replication only inside cells

Helminths store nutrients primarily in which form?

A. Triglycerides

B. Glycogen

C. Cholesterol

D. Ferritin

Most helminth energy supports which biological function?

A. Reproductive processes

B. Nervous conduction

C. Blood circulation

D. Temperature regulation

What is the protective covering of flatworms?

A. Capsule

B. Cell wall

C. Tegument

D. Endospore

Which tough external layer protects nematodes?

A. Capsule

B. Tegument

C. Cuticle

D. Cellulose wall

How is Cryptosporidium commonly transmitted?

A. Oocysts in contaminated water

B. Sandfly bite

C. Raw freshwater fish

D. Skin-penetrating larvae

Which vector transmits Babesia species?

A. Tsetse fly

B. Sandfly

C. Female mosquito

D. Ixodes tick

What is the infective form of Plasmodium for humans?

A. Merozoite

B. Gametocyte

C. Trophozoite

D. Sporozoite

Babesiosis commonly occurs in which US region?

A. Southwestern United States

B. Northeastern United States

C. Southeastern United States

D. Pacific Northwest

Which additional US region commonly reports babesiosis?

A. Deep South

B. North-central United States

C. Desert Southwest

D. Rocky Mountain states

Trypanosoma cruzi is classically associated with which region?

A. Southeast Asia

B. Northern Europe

C. Latin America

D. Central Africa

Which nematodes can directly penetrate human skin?

A. Ascaris, Enterobius, Trichuris

B. Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator

C. Wuchereria, Brugia, Onchocerca

D. Toxocara, Trichinella, Dracunculus

Which nematode commonly enters through intact skin?

A. Strongyloides stercoralis

B. Ascaris lumbricoides

C. Enterobius vermicularis

D. Trichuris trichiura

Which two hookworms penetrate skin directly?

A. Ascaris and Trichuris

B. Ancylostoma and Necator

C. Wuchereria and Brugia

D. Enterobius and Strongyloides

Which vector transmits Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi?

A. Ixodes tick

B. Sandfly

C. Tsetse fly

D. Female mosquito

Which vector transmits Onchocerca volvulus?

A. Triatomine bug

B. Tsetse fly

C. Simulium blackfly

D. Ixodes tick

Which organism commonly serves as trematode intermediate host?

A. Sheep

B. Pig

C. Freshwater fish

D. Snail

Eating undercooked pork containing Taenia solium larvae causes what?

A. Intestinal taeniasis

B. Cysticercosis

C. Hydatid disease

D. Diphyllobothriasis

Ingesting Taenia solium eggs can cause what?

A. Intestinal taeniasis

B. African sleeping sickness

C. Cysticercosis

D. Babesiosis

How are Taenia solium eggs commonly acquired?

A. Mosquito inoculation

B. Fecally contaminated food

C. Raw freshwater fish

D. Direct skin penetration

How is Diphyllobothrium latum commonly acquired?

A. Undercooked pork

B. Dog-contaminated food

C. Raw freshwater fish

D. Mosquito bite

Which form of Diphyllobothrium infects humans?

A. Eggs in dog feces

B. Adult worms in water

C. Oocysts in shellfish

D. Larvae in freshwater fish

How do humans acquire Echinococcus granulosus?

A. Undercooked sheep meat

B. Eggs from dog feces

C. Larvae in raw fish

D. Skin penetration by cercariae

Which animal is a common Echinococcus intermediate host?

A. Dog

B. Cat

C. Snail

D. Sheep