Which of the following types of collagen is most prevalent in the skin?
Type I
Type IV
Type II
Type III
Type I
* The primary proteins in the dermis are collagen and elastin. Collagen makes up approx. 30% of the dermis's volume (about 70% of it's dry weight).
Among the 19 known Collagen types, four are found in higher concentrations:
Type I: Predominant in tendons, ligaments, bones, and skin, accounting for about 90% of skin collagen
Type II: Major component of cartilage
Type II: Found in arteries, the intestine, and the uterus
Type IV: Present in the basement membrane of the epidermis
Collagen Type II:
Major component of cartilage
Collagen Type I:
Predominant in tendons, ligaments, bones, and skin, accounting for about 90% of skin collagen
* This type is very important to wound care
Collagen Type IV:
Present in the basement membrane of the epidermis
When antibiotics are unecessarily prescribed, which organism is most commonly responsible for seondary infection?
Escherchia coli
Pseudomonas
Staphylococcus
Clostridium difficile
Pseudomonas
* Use of prophylactic antibiotics in healthy individuals w/uncomplicated puncture wounds can disrupt the normal skin flora, increasing susceptibility to Pseudomonas infection (secondary infection).
__________ is a group of bacteria commonly found in the environment, like in soil and water. The most common type causing infections among humans is _________ __________
_ _________ can cause infections in the blood, lungs (pneumonia), urinary tract, or other parts of the body after surgery.
Pseudomonas ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa x 2
Which of the following statements about growth factors is false?
They are used in patients w/acute wounds
They are naturally occurring proteins
They promote healing
They promote cell proliferation & cell migration
They are used in patients w/acute wounds
* Growth factors are polypeptide proteins produced by the body that regulate the prolieferation, migration, and differentiation of target cells by binding to cell-surface receptors, thereby controlling the expression of specialized genes.
_____ _____ are polypeptide proteins produced by the body that regulate the prolieferation, migration, and differentiation of target cells by binding to cell-surface receptors, thereby controlling the expression of specialized genes.
Growth factors
Growth factors primarily-
regulate non-immune cell proliferation & differentiation & are used to treat chronic, nonhealing wounds ---NOT ACUTE WOUNDS.
Impaired skin integrity is an appropriate nursing diagnosis for which stage of pressure ulcer?
Stage IV
Stage II
Stage III
Unstageable pressure injury
Stage II
* Stage 1 & Stage 2 PUs would both be diagnosed as "impaired skin integrity." In stage I, the skin remains intact but shows non-blanchable erythema; in stage II, there is partial-thickness skin loss or blistering w/serous fluid.
Stages- I, II, and IV pressure ulcers, as well as unstageable pressure injuries, involve
full thickness skin and tissue loss, which exceeds the scope of this diagnosis.
Which nurtient assists w/immune function, collagen formation, cell membrane stability, and protein synthesis?
B vitamins
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Zinc
* Zinc is an essential trace mineral that functions as a cofactor in numerous enzyme systems.
Zinc plays a key role in:
- Immune compoetency by supporting phagocytic activity & lymphocytee proliferation.
- Collagen synthesis & wound repair by promoting fibroblast proliferation & epithelialization.
- Protein synthesis through its involvement in ribosomal structure and function.
- Cell membrane stability, helping to maintain structural integrity.
Zinc deficiency -
is associated w/delayed wound healing; supplementation in deficient individuals enhances collagen formation
In those with normal zinc levels, excess supplementation has-
not been shown to improve healing & may disrupt phagocytic function or induce copper deficiency.
Zinc supplementation is recommended only for -
7-10 days (220 mg twice daily) in patients w/documented zinc deficits.
___ _____: Act as cofactors in macronutrient metablosm & suppport immune responses.
B vitamins
Regranex Gel (becaplermin) is indicated for the treatment of what type of wound?
Venous stasis ulcers
Infected surgical incisions
Pressure Diabetic ulcers
Pressure Diabetic ulcers
* The FDA has approved Regranex Gel (becaplermin), a reccombinant human platelet-derived growth factor, for the treatment of diabetic neuropathic ulcers of the lower extremities. For optimal efficacy, these ulcers must extend into or beyond the subcutaneous tissue and have an adequate blood supply.
What is a primary indicator that a treatment plan for a pressure ulcer is effective?
Wound edges begin to contract, and granulation tissue increases
Pain increases at the wound site
Wound bed color changes from red to black
Wound size slightly increases, and exudate decreases
Wound edges begin to contract, and granulation tissue increases
* Wound edges that contract and increased granulation tissue formation are hallmark signs of effective pressure ulcer healing. * wound contraction reduces reduces wound dimensions, and healthy granularion tissue indicates active, successful tissue repair.