Summer Immuno Lecture 17 Flashcards

SARS-CoV-2 is predominantly classified as what type of virus?

A. Respiratory virus

B. Enteric virus

C. Neurotropic virus

D. Hepatotropic virus

Most respiratory viruses first disrupt which airway defense structure?

_____ lining

Respiratory viruses damage the ciliary lining mainly to access which cells?

______ cells

Do alveoli normally contain cilia or mucus?

SARS-CoV-2 carries its genome in which nucleic acid form?

______

SARS-CoV-2 RNA is wrapped in what outer structure?

A. Protein capsid

B. Peptidoglycan wall

C. Lipid coat

D. Polysaccharide capsule

Compared with many RNA viruses, SARS-CoV-2 has machinery that improves which replication feature?

A. Proofreading

B. Integration

C. Splicing

D. Segmentation

SARS-CoV-2 uses proofreading machinery to reduce what during replication?

A. Receptor binding

B. Fusion activity

C. Translation speed

D. Replication mistakes

SARS-CoV-2 infects target cells when the receptor-binding domain of the virus's _____ protein binds to the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (____) host cell receptor.

Which viral structure binds ACE2 during SARS-CoV-2 entry?

A. Spike protein

B. Matrix protein

C. Nucleocapsid protein

D. Envelope RNA

Alveolar macrophages are normally best described as what?

A. Strongly inflammatory

B. Antibody-secreting

C. Non-inflammatory

D. Ciliated

The main baseline job of alveolar macrophages is what?

A. Phagocytosis

B. Antibody transport

C. Mucus secretion

D. Ciliary beating

Which lymphoid tissue surrounds the nasal respiratory tract?

Which lymphoid tissue surrounds the bronchial respiratory tract?

The upper airways are mainly protected by virus-specific antibodies of which class?

Virus-specific IgA mainly protects which respiratory region?

A. Upper airways

B. Alveolar interstitium

C. Pleural cavity

D. Pulmonary vessels

Alveolar epithelium lacks the transport system for which antibody class?

Which antibody class can diffuse across thin alveolar epithelium?

During severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, activated ____ can cause ____ injury.

Major lung injury in severe COVID is driven partly by which activated cells?

COVID-associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) occurs when which structures become nonfunctional?

A. Bronchioles

B. Nasal turbinates

C. Alveoli

D. Pleura

When alveoli become nonfunctional in ARDS, what declines?

Blood _____

The process of introducing viral mRNA into cells is called what?

A. Transfection

B. Opsonization

C. Neutralization

D. Agglutination

COVID vaccine lipid nanoparticles enter cells mainly by what process? _____

After a vaccine is administered, the lipid nanoparticles containing the mRNA enter the host's cells through a process called endocytosis. Once inside, the mRNA escapes from the endosome and is released directly into the _______

Once in the cytoplasm, vaccine mRNA undergoes which process?

A. Translation

B. Replication

C. Integration

D. Recombination

Translation of vaccine mRNA produces which molecules?

A. Viral proteins

B. Viral DNA

C. Whole virions

D. Host antibodies

A transfected cell senses RNA using which immune receptors?

A. Fc receptors

B. Pattern-recognition receptors

C. B-cell receptors

D. CD40 receptors

Pattern-recognition receptor sensing of vaccine RNA triggers production of what?

A. Cytokines

B. IgE

C. Bile salts

D. Collagen

Cytokines released after vaccine RNA sensing provide what immune cue?

A. Tolerance signal

B. Danger signal

C. Death signal

D. Growth signal

Vaccine RNA sensing fires the innate system and which antiviral system?

A. Complement system

B. Interferon system

C. Coagulation system

D. Bile system

Which normal mRNA base strongly activates interferon responses?

A. Adenine

B. Cytosine

C. Uridine

D. Guanine

To reduce harmful interferon activation, mRNA vaccines replace uridine with what?

A. Thymidine

B. Pseudouridine

C. Deoxyuridine

D. Ribothymidine

In the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, S1 contains which domain?

A. Fusion domain

B. Receptor-binding domain

C. Polymerase domain

D. Nucleocapsid domain

The S1 receptor-binding domain plugs into which host protein?

A. CD8

B. CD20

C. ACE2

D. CTLA-4

The S2 portion of spike mainly facilitates what?

A. Fusion

B. Proofreading

C. Transcription

D. Phagocytosis

By mediating fusion, S2 helps the virus do what?

A. Exit blood

B. Enter cells

C. Bind antibodies

D. Activate complement

The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein is a metastable fusion machine that exists in two main conformations: a _____ state on the mature virion and a lower-energy _____ state after host cell entry.

B cells mainly produce protective antibodies to which spike form?

COVID-19 vaccination can activate helper and killer T cells through which APC?

Dendritic cells activate helper T cells using which MHC class?

A. Class I MHC

B. Class II MHC

C. CD1 molecules

D. Fc receptors

Dendritic cells activate killer T cells using which MHC class?

A. Class I MHC

B. Class II MHC

C. CD40L

D. IgA receptor

During natural respiratory infection, B- and T-cell activation occurs mainly in which tissues?

____ and ____

Compared with true COVID-19 infection, an mRNA COVID vaccine causes what regarding viral replication?

After mRNA COVID vaccination, which cells make spike protein?

A. All respiratory epithelial cells

B. Only infected alveolar cells

C. Cells taking up mRNA

D. Circulating plasma cells

After mRNA COVID vaccination, spike protein production occurs mainly where?

A. NALT and BALT

B. Injection site

C. Alveolar spaces

D. Thymic cortex

During real SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral replication occurs because what is present?

A. Complete infectious virus

B. Isolated spike mRNA

C. Purified spike protein

D. Neutralizing antibody

During respiratory infection, B cells in the respiratory tract mainly produce which antibody?

Respiratory-tract IgA is favored because the airway is which type of surface?

A. Serosal surface

B. Mucosal surface

C. Synovial surface

D. Endocrine surface

After arm-cell transfection during vaccination, the local immune response mainly produces which antibody?

Compared with respiratory infection, injected vaccination is less biased toward which antibody?

For most vaccines, which blood measurement reliably predicts protection?

A. Pathogen-specific antibodies

B. Total eosinophil count

C. Serum complement only

D. Free viral RNA

Besides neutralizing antibodies, vaccine effectiveness can be assessed using which antibody type?

A. Autoantibodies

B. Rheumatoid factor

C. Non-neutralizing antibodies

D. IgE antibodies

Another marker of vaccine effectiveness is the level of which cells?

A. Virus-specific memory T cells

B. Naive eosinophils

C. Resting mast cells

D. Immature neutrophils

After prior COVID infection or vaccination, reinfection is still what?

A. Impossible

B. Possible

C. Always fatal

D. Always silent

Prior immunity helps against COVID reinfection mainly by allowing what?

A. Faster immune reaction

B. Complete viral invisibility

C. No antibody response

D. Delayed T-cell activation

After reinfection, prior immunity helps limit which viral process?

A. Viral proofreading

B. Viral proliferation

C. Viral endocytosis

D. Viral translation

During first pathogen exposure, B cells recognize which antigenic structure?

A. Fc region

B. MHC molecule

C. Epitope

D. CD3 complex

An epitope is best described as what?

A. Whole pathogen

B. Antigenic determinant

C. Antibody Fc region

D. T-cell cytokine

Early B-cell activation recognizes an epitope and its variants. This response is called what?

_____

After somatic hypermutation, long-lived plasma B cells bind the epitope with what change?

A. Lower affinity

B. No affinity

C. Random tolerance

D. Higher affinity

Somatic hypermutation improves long-lived plasma cells by increasing what?

A. Antibody tightness

B. Viral replication

C. MHC deletion

D. T-cell anergy

According to these notes, central memory B cells do not undergo what process?

_____ _____

Central memory B cells remain broad because they stay what?

A. Monoclonal

B. Anergic

C. Polyclonal

D. Hypermutated

Polyclonal central memory B cells help protect against pathogens that do what?

A. Mutate their epitopes

B. Stop replicating permanently

C. Lose all proteins

D. Become noninfectious

Which cells can produce antibodies against rapidly mutating pathogens?

A. Plasma eosinophils

B. Central memory B cells

C. Naive neutrophils

D. Resting mast cells

Upper-airway protection includes IgA and which clearance mechanism?

A. Mucus elevator

B. Complement pore

C. Fas deletion

D. CTL exhaustion

Which immune cells also protect the upper airway from infection?

A. Basophils

B. Platelets

C. Alveolar macrophages

D. Plasma fibroblasts

Which combination best protects the upper airway?

A. IgA, mucus elevator, macrophages

B. IgE, bile, neutrophils

C. IgM, cilia loss, basophils

D. IgG, thymus, eosinophils

Which response best explains faster control after COVID reinfection?

A. Primary immune delay

B. Memory immune response

C. No antigen recognition

D. Failed B-cell activation