Summer Immuno Lecture 15 Flashcards

A tumor produces an enzyme that rapidly depletes local tryptophan. Which enzyme is responsible?

A. Arginase-1

B. Indoleamine dioxygenase

C. Cyclooxygenase-2

D. Nitric oxide synthase

Tumor tryptophan depletion most directly impairs which immune process?

A. IgE crosslinking

B. Complement fixation

C. T-cell proliferation

D. Neutrophil rolling

Which immune cells mainly target tumors located within tissues?

_____

Which cells mainly target tumor cells circulating in blood?

_____ cells and _____

Before macrophages efficiently kill cancer cells, they usually must become what?

A. Tolerized

B. Hyperactivated

C. Anergic

D. Class-switched

One major cancer mechanism is excessive activity of which gene class?

_____ _____

Another major cancer mechanism is defective control by which gene class?

_____ _____

A gene that normally promotes controlled cell proliferation is called what?

_____ _____

Which gene type best describes p53?

_____ _____

Loss of functional p53 most directly causes which cancer-promoting problem?

Loss of _____ safeguards

Cancer cells are broadly divided into which two categories?

A. Benign and allergic

B. Innate and adaptive

C. Acute and chronic

D. Blood and non-blood

A malignancy arising from epithelial cells is called what?

Cancer arising from connective or structural tissues is called what?

In simple terms, blood cancers involve uncontrolled proliferation of which cells?

Immature blood _____ _____

A tumor arising from accumulated random mutations is called what?

A. Spontaneous

B. Attenuated

C. Acellular

D. Opsonized

Most human cervical cancers involve infection with which virus?

A. Hepatitis B virus

B. Epstein-Barr virus

C. Human papillomavirus

D. Human immunodeficiency virus

In your simplified cancer-virus model, HPV and HBV inactivate which checkpoint gene?

What is a hallmark of virus-associated cancer?

A. All infected develop cancer

B. Few infected develop cancer

C. Acute viruses always transform

D. CTLs always eliminate tumors

In virus-associated cancers, tumors often contain what detectable material?

A. Viral genes

B. IgE receptors

C. Aluminum salts

D. Tryptophan pools

Can naive T cells routinely enter tissues to inspect for cancer?

A. Yes, without activation

B. Yes, through Fc receptors

C. No, activation is required

D. No, because they lack MHC

Why do naive killer T cells poorly surveil spontaneous tissue tumors?

A. They lack CD8 entirely

B. They cannot freely enter tissues

C. They only bind IgE

D. They kill only bacteria

For proper killer T-cell activation, CD28 must bind which molecule on APCs?

Why does the body restrict naive CTL tissue entry?

A. Increase tumor growth

B. Prevent autoimmunity

C. Preserve IgE responses

D. Enhance viral latency

From an evolutionary view, late-life cancer is less selected against because it often occurs after what?

A. Thymic selection

B. Germinal center entry

C. Reproductive age

D. Neonatal tolerance

Cancer mutations help tumors evade which immune surveillance cells?

A. CTLs

B. Plasma cells

C. Eosinophils

D. Basophils

Tumor cells often suppress T cells by expressing which checkpoint ligand?

A. PD-L1

B. CD28

C. CD40L

D. IL-2

PD-L1 on tumor cells suppresses T cells by binding which receptor?

A. CTLA-4

B. CD40

C. Fas

D. PD-1

Tumor production of prostaglandin E2 decreases function of which cells?

Tumors can suppress immunity by shifting helper T cells toward which population?

A. Th1 cells

B. Th17 cells

C. Regulatory T cells

D. Tfh cells

Overall, many tissue tumors thrive by creating what local environment?

A. Hyperglycemic

B. Antibody-rich

C. Immunosuppressive

D. Complement-free

T cells are generally better at detecting which cancer type?

A. Blood-cell cancers

B. Non-blood tumors

C. Cartilage tumors

D. Epithelial tumors

Why are blood-cell cancers more visible to T cells?

A. They lack mutations

B. They secrete tryptophan

C. They block all APCs

D. Blood is monitored

Why are non-blood tumors harder for T cells to eliminate?

They create _________

Viruses that cause only acute infections generally do what regarding cancer?

Which viral infection pattern is more likely to contribute to cancer?

A. Sterilizing infection

B. Brief infection

C. Chronic infection

D. Allergic infection

Chronic viruses are more cancer-associated because they can do what?

A. Hide from immunity

B. Activate IgE strongly

C. Kill all tumors

D. Prevent mutation

When oncogenic viruses hide from CTLs, CTL surveillance becomes what?

A. Hyperactive

B. Antibody-dependent

C. Fully protective

D. Ineffective

CTLs would most likely defend against which cancer type?

A. Tissue sarcoma

B. Cervical carcinoma

C. Solid carcinoma

D. Blood-cell cancer

Macrophages can kill tumors by secreting which cytokine?

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) can treat some cancers by activating which immune cells?

_______

Macrophages can recognize tumor cells through which feature?

Unusual ______ molecules

Which unusual surface molecule can help macrophages identify tumor cells?

A. Hemagglutinin

B. Peptidoglycan

C. Phosphatidylserine

D. Aluminum hydroxide

Which response generally acts faster against tumors?

A. NK cells and Macrophages

B. Naive CTLs and NK Cells

C. Plasma cells and NK Cells

D. Memory B cells and Macrophages

Why do macrophages fail to detect many cancers?

They need ______ ______

Why do NK cells fail to detect many tissue cancers?

They need ______ ______

A growth-promoting gene becomes cancer-driving after mutation. What is the mutated version called?

A. Anti-oncogene

B. Suppressor gene

C. Repair gene

D. Oncogene

Genes encoding tumor-suppressor proteins are also called what?

A. Proto-oncogenes

B. Anti-oncogenes

C. Carcinogens

D. Viral genes

p53 mutations are detected in approximately what fraction of human tumors?

A. Rare tumors

B. Half of tumors

C. Majority of tumors

D. All tumors

One especially dangerous safeguard mutation affects repair of what molecule?

_____

A corrupted DNA-repair safeguard creates what kind of defect?

A. Differentiation-blocking defect

B. Cytokine-blocking defect

C. Mutation-accelerating defect

D. Antibody-neutralizing defect

A hallmark of cancer cells is which genomic condition?

A. Genetically silent

B. Genetically unstable

C. Genetically identical

D. Genetically deleted

Genetic instability means cancer-cell genes are doing what?

A. Constantly mutating

B. Permanently silenced

C. Completely repaired

D. Normally inherited

Which solid tumor type is most common in humans?

A. Sarcomas

B. Lymphomas

C. Myelomas

D. Carcinomas

Which list contains classic carcinoma examples?

A. Melanoma, glioma, myeloma

B. Osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, chondrosarcoma

C. Lung, breast, colon, cervical

D. Leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma

Compared with carcinomas, sarcomas are generally what?

A. More common

B. Relatively rare

C. Always viral

D. Blood-derived

Which sarcoma is described as most common?

A. Osteosarcoma

B. Angiosarcoma

C. Liposarcoma

D. Fibrosarcoma

The most common blood-cell cancers are which pair?

A. Carcinomas and sarcomas

B. Gliomas and melanomas

C. Leukemias and lymphomas

D. Adenomas and papillomas

Blood-cell cancers occur when blood-stem-cell descendants stop maturing and continue what?

A. Migrating

B. Proliferating

C. Phagocytosing

D. Degranulating

Human cancers can be classified as spontaneous or what other category?

A. Toxin-associated

B. Allergy-associated

C. Trauma-associated

D. Virus-associated

Mutagenic compounds that cause DNA replication errors are called what?

______

Viruses that interfere with cell-control systems are called what?

______ viruses

Tumor viruses reduce the number of additional what needed for cancer?

A. Antibodies

B. Cytokines

C. Gene mutations

D. T-cell receptors

About what fraction of examined tumors lose at least one MHC molecule?

A. 5%

B. 10%

C. 50%

D. 15%

Tumor loss of MHC expression most directly impairs recognition by which cells?

A. B cells

B. CTLs

C. Mast cells

D. Basophils

Tryptophan-starved killer T cells can become what?

A. Anergic

B. Class-switched

C. Opsonized

D. Hypermutated

Tumor IDO activity causes killer T cells to stop which process?

A. Degranulating

B. Rolling

C. Proliferating

D. Phagocytosing

Compared with solid tumors, blood-cell cancers generally have fewer what?

Blood-cell cancers are easier for CTLs because they fall within CTL what?

A. Cytokine profile

B. Germinal center

C. Traffic pattern

D. Fc receptor

TNF from hyperactivated macrophages can attack a tumor’s what?

_____ _____

TNF-mediated damage to tumor blood supply can cause what?

______

Natural killer cells target cells with low levels of which molecule?

A. Class II MHC

B. CD40L

C. Class I MHC

D. IgE receptor

Natural killer cells can also detect tumor cells with what feature?

A. Normal p53

B. High tryptophan

C. Stable DNA

D. Unusual surface molecules

Cancer-control mutations are notable because they may occur in what order?

A. Any order

B. Fixed order

C. Viral order

D. Maternal order

A DNA-repair safeguard defect accelerates accumulation of what?

A. Antibodies

B. Mutations

C. Cytokines

D. Toxoids

Loss of anti-oncogene function removes which normal protection?

A. Viral entry

B. IgE blockade

C. Growth restraint

D. MHC docking

Carcinomas are classified under which broad cancer group?

_______ tumors

Blood-cell cancers arise from descendants of which cells?

A. Blood stem cells

B. Epithelial cells

C. Connective cells

D. Keratinocytes

Tumor viruses promote cancer by disrupting what?

A. Antibody secretion

B. Cellular control systems

C. Eosinophil recruitment

D. Bacterial toxins

Most human carcinomas originate from which cell type?

_____ cells