Summer Immuno Lecture 14 Flashcards

A vaccine can generate memory B cells and helper T cells using microbial fragments even when what is absent?

____ ____

Peptide debris from a pathogen can be transported to which site to activate B cells?

A. Secondary lymphoid organs

B. Primary endocrine organs

C. Bone marrow sinusoids

D. Peripheral nerve ganglia

After B cells recognize transported antigen fragments, which signal helps them become memory cells?

A. Complement lysis

B. NK-cell killing

C. T-cell help

D. Eosinophil recruitment

For memory killer T cells to form naturally, the pathogen usually must infect which cell type?

A. Plasma cell

B. APC

C. Eosinophil

D. Neutrophil

In cross-presentation, an APC presents extracellular antigen using which molecule?

A. Class II MHC

B. CD40L

C. Secretory IgA

D. Class I MHC

Cross-presentation can generate memory killer T cells even when the APC is not what? _____

An effective AIDS vaccine is believed to require generation of which memory population?

A. Memory B cells

B. Memory Th2 cells

C. Memory killer T cells

D. Memory plasma cells

Long-term HIV resistance is linked to especially efficient versions of which molecule?

A. IgE receptors

B. Class I MHC

C. Class II MHC

D. Fas ligand

The inactivated polio vaccine exposes the immune system to which viral form?

A. Nonreplicating virus

B. Fully virulent virus

C. Naked viral RNA

D. Purified bacterial toxin

Formaldehyde-treated viral vaccines mainly preserve viral proteins while doing what?

A. Increasing viral replication

B. Activating bacterial toxins

C. Deleting helper epitopes

D. Inactivating the virus

Vaccines against bacterial toxins commonly use purified toxins called what?

A. Subunits

B. Toxoids

C. Attenuants

D. Adjuvants

Aluminum salts in toxoid vaccines primarily function as what?

A. Viral inactivators

B. Reverse transcriptase blockers

C. Adjuvants

D. Live vectors

A vaccine retaining only selected pathogen components is called what?

______ vaccine

Virus vaccines made from engineered protein components are called what?

____ vaccines

Non-infectious vaccines effectively generate which two populations?

A major limitation of non-infectious vaccines is poor generation of which cells?

A. Memory plasma cells

B. Memory killer T cells

C. Memory helper T cells

D. Memory B cells

Compared with live vaccines, non-infectious vaccines generally last for what duration?

A vaccine made from a weakened live microbe is called what?

A. Acellular vaccine

B. Subunit vaccine

C. Toxoid vaccine

D. Attenuated vaccine

Compared with non-infectious vaccines, attenuated vaccines usually provide what duration?

Attenuated vaccines usually last longer because they can do what inside the host?

A. Block antigen presentation

B. Avoid all immunity

C. Replicate somewhat

D. Destroy lymph nodes

Attenuated vaccines strengthen immunity by most closely mimicking what?

A. Natural infection

B. Toxoid exposure

C. Passive immunity

D. Steroid therapy

A key advantage of attenuated vaccines is their ability to generate which cells?

One drawback of attenuated vaccines is that recipients may temporarily become what?

A. Tolerant

B. Anergic

C. Infectious

D. Atopic

Another drawback of attenuated vaccines is possible mutation leading to what?

A. Antibody class switching

B. Regained virulence

C. Complement depletion

D. IgE blockade

A vaccine uses genetic engineering to insert pathogenic microbial genes into a harmless viral vector. What type is this?

_____ vaccine

Carrier vaccines are designed to generate which immune memory population?

A. Memory killer T cells

B. Memory basophils

C. Memory eosinophils

D. Memory neutrophils

In carrier vaccines, pathogenic-microbe information is inserted into the vector as what?

A. Purified toxins

B. Whole bacteria

C. Surface antibodies

D. Microbial genes

A carrier vaccine places pathogenic genes into a virus that should lack which property?

A. MHC binding

B. Disease causation

C. Protein expression

D. APC entry

One major obstacle to creating an HIV-1 vaccine is which viral property?

A. High mutation rate

B. Low replication rate

C. Stable surface proteins

D. Weak cellular entry

Chronic infection with which virus greatly increases liver cancer risk?

Chronic hepatitis B infection most strongly increases risk for which malignancy?

____ cancer

Certain oncogenic HPV types are most strongly linked to which carcinoma?

A. Cervical carcinoma

B. Liver carcinoma

C. Gastric carcinoma

D. Renal carcinoma

About 70% of cervical cancers are linked to which two HPV types?

Vaccines often require a danger signal to activate which system?

A. Coagulation system

B. Endocrine system

C. Immune system

D. Nervous system

A molecule added to vaccines to provide a danger signal is called what?

Aluminum hydroxide used in vaccines is also called what?

A. MPL

B. Toxoid

C. Alum

D. Carrier

MPL is a modified version of which bacterial molecule?

A. Peptidoglycan

B. LPS

C. Flagellin

D. Capsule

Cervarix protects against infection from which virus? _____

Which vaccine component is described as somewhat toxic but immunologically useful?

A. Adjuvant

B. Toxoid

C. Subunit

D. Antibody

Which polio vaccine is the live attenuated oral formulation?

A. Sabin

B. Salk

C. IPV

D. Toxoid

Compared with Salk vaccine, Sabin vaccine produces stronger mucosal immunity through what?

A. Serum IgG

B. Circulating IgM

C. Luminal sIgA

D. Tissue IgE

Which polio vaccine is inactivated and killed?

A. Sabin

B. Salk

C. MMR

D. Varicella

The injected influenza vaccine is best classified as what?

A. Live attenuated

B. Acellular

C. Toxoid

D. Inactivated/killed

Injected influenza vaccine mainly induces neutralizing antibodies against which antigen?

A. Hemagglutinin

B. Neuraminidase

C. Matrix protein

D. Viral polymerase

Anti-hemagglutinin antibodies protect by blocking influenza binding to which host structures?

A. Fc receptors

B. CD4 receptors

C. Sialylated receptors

D. Toll-like receptors

The mnemonic “RIP Always” refers to vaccines that are generally what type?

A. Live attenuated

B. Inactivated/killed

C. Toxoid-based

D. Subunit-based

What are the RIP always vaccines?

Which influenza vaccine can generate a CD8+ T-cell response?

A. Injected killed vaccine

B. Toxoid vaccine

C. Subunit vaccine

D. Live intranasal vaccine

Live intranasal influenza vaccine stimulates which antigen-processing pathway?

A. MHC class I

B. MHC class II

C. CD40-CD40L

D. Fc receptor

A live intranasal influenza vaccine can activate CD8+ cells that kill which targets?

A. Extracellular bacteria

B. Free viral particles

C. Virus-infected cells

D. Soluble toxins

During first pathogen exposure, which cells ingest the attacker or fragments?

Dendritic-cell antigen delivery to lymph nodes can eventually make which cells proliferate?

A. Helper T cells

B. Mast cells

C. Neutrophils

Memory killer T-cell generation usually requires infected APCs because CD8 cells inspect which compartment?

A. Inside cells

B. Blood plasma

C. Extracellular mucus

D. Antibody complexes

The efficacy of vaccines is stated to be ______ of recipient hygiene or lifestyle.

A non-infectious viral vaccine uses which viral form?

A. Replicating live virus

B. Virulent intact virus

C. Naked viral RNA

D. Dead nonfunctional virus

A whole killed-HIV vaccine would be dangerous if the virus were not what?

A. Fully inactivated

B. Strongly mutated

C. Poorly immunogenic

D. Class I presented

Toxoid vaccines mobilize which cells to make antibodies?

Tetanus vaccination is best classified as which vaccine type?

A. Live attenuated

B. Toxoid

C. Carrier

D. Intranasal

An acellular vaccine contains what material?

A. Whole live pathogen

B. Whole killed pathogen

C. Purified host cells

D. Selected pathogen parts

A major advantage of acellular vaccines is which feature?

A non-infectious subunit vaccine is made using what?

A. Aluminum-treated toxins

B. Whole killed bacteria

C. Engineered viral proteins

D. Live weakened microbes

Which route is used for Sabin polio vaccine?

Which influenza vaccine form is given by injection?

A. Inactivated vaccine

B. Live vaccine

C. Carrier vaccine

D. Attenuated vaccine

Neutralizing antibodies after injected influenza vaccine block which viral step?

A. Genome integration

B. Viral attachment

C. Toxin secretion

D. Reverse transcription

Which vaccine in “RIP Always” protects against polio?

A. Sabin

B. MMR

C. Intranasal flu

D. Salk

Hepatitis B vaccination uses which vaccine type?

A. Subunit vaccine

B. Toxoid vaccine

C. Attenuated vaccine

D. Whole-cell vaccine

HPV vaccination uses which vaccine type?

A. Live attenuated

B. Subunit vaccine

C. Toxoid vaccine

D. Whole-cell vaccine

Subunit vaccines for hepatitis B and HPV are produced primarily through what method?

A. Toxin weakening

B. Live passage

C. Natural infection

D. Laboratory engineering

The major downside of non-infectious vaccines is poor generation of which cells?

A. Memory killer T cells

B. Memory B cells

C. Helper T cells

D. Plasma cells

Non-infectious vaccines fail to generate strong memory killer T-cell responses because APCs are not what?

A. Opsonized

B. Infected

C. Migratory

D. Activated

Most children in the United States receive measles, mumps, and rubella as which vaccine type?

A. Inactivated virus

B. Subunit protein

C. Toxoid

D. Attenuated virus

Attenuated vaccines involve administration of what viral form?

A. Fully killed virus

B. Weakened virus

C. Purified toxin

D. Isolated antibody

Which patient group should generally avoid attenuated vaccines?

A. Healthy adolescents

B. Prior vaccine recipients

C. Atopic individuals

D. Immunosuppressed people

Carrier vaccines use genetic engineering to place microbial genes into what?

A. Harmless virus

B. Aluminum salt

C. Purified toxin

D. Killed bacterium

Carrier vaccines can generate which immune response?

A. Eosinophil memory

B. Memory killer T cells

C. Mast-cell tolerance

D. IgE crosslinking

Properly designed carrier vaccines should lack which property?

A. APC entry

B. Antigen expression

C. Disease causation

D. Genetic material

The Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine used which vaccine platform?

A. Toxoid vaccine

B. Subunit vaccine

C. Acellular vaccine

D. Carrier vaccine

Nucleic acid vaccines package which material into a carrier?

Microbial _____ _____

Nucleic acid vaccine carriers deliver genetic material for uptake by which cell type?

______

After APC uptake, nucleic acid vaccines can activate which effector cell?

A. Mast cell

B. Th2 cell

C. Killer T cell

D. Neutrophil

Rare AIDS patients may resist HIV-1 using which antibody type?

A. Broadly neutralizing antibodies

B. IgE autoantibodies

C. Cold agglutinins

D. Rheumatoid factor

Broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV arise through which process?

_____ _____

Adjuvants improve vaccine effectiveness by making antigen appear what?

A. Self-like

B. Tolerogenic

C. Inert

D. Foreign and dangerous