final exam for level 3 Flashcards

2 parts

• anterior
• posterior

secretes its hormones in response to releasing hormones from the hypothalamus

stroes and release

on top of each kidney

• adrenal medulla- middle
• adrenal cortex- outer portion

upper left abdomen

secretes glucagon

secretes insulin

where alpha and beta cells are found

in the midbrain

front of thoracic cavity

regulation of metabolism, growth rate, physical development, sexual function, reproduction, fluid balance

t3, t4 calcitonin

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

prolactin, ACTH, GH, TSH, FSH, LH

ADH, oxytocin

epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines)

cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormones- androgens/estrogens

pituitary gland

PRO

ALTHELETES

GOT

TO GROW

does NOT produce hormones/ stores and releases

ADH/OxCYTOCIN

• the thyroid gland is plapable
• thyroid gland secretes t3, t4 and calcitonin
• iodine and protein is needed
• controls metabolic rate

• TSH will be increased
• T3, T4 may be decreased
• s/s- cold, tired, sluggish, weight gain

• TSH will be decreased
• T3, T4 may be increased
• s/s- warm increased temp/ weight loss

• PTH is produced and secreted in the parathyroid gland
• LOW calcium level stimulate the release of pth which will increase plasma CA levels

secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

prepares the body to meet stress or emergency situations and prevents hypoglycemia

functions as a pressor to maintain blood pressure

secretes corticosteroids- mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) & glucocoticoids (cortisol)

primary is aldosterone, regulates the balance of water and electrolytes in the body (NA,K,CI)

-a person without mineralcorticoids would die in 7 days

• essential for utilization of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
• primary is cortisol which acts to increase the glucose levels in the blood
• cortisol also helps as a counteract the inflammatory response

blood samples collected during the day and night, 24 hour urine or oral cotton swab testing

pancreas is the ONLY gland in the body that is both endocrine and exocrine

• endocrine secretes into the bloodstream
• exocrine secretes thru a duct to the target tissue

• insulin: beta cells are responsible for producing and secreting insulin
• glucagon: alpha cells are responsible for releasing glucagon stimulates the liver to change glycogen to glucose

• pituitary gland comes smaller
• metabolism declines/ slowing of metabolism
• aldosterone, renin, calcitonin, GH decrease
• older women have a decrease in estrogen and prolactin and men have a decrease in testosterone

either an imbalances in the production of the hormone or an alteration in the body's ability to use the hormone

substance injected to stimulate a gland

opposite of stimulating test

• A1c tests for over 6 weeks
• A1c normal: less than 5.7%
• pre diabetes: 5.7-6.4%
• diabetes: 6.4% or higher

• increase in bone size / enlargement of facial features, hands and feet
• s/s: changes in ring size, shoe size, enlargement of nose n jaw, brow, hands/thickened tongue/ osteoporosis
• treatment: hypophysectomy REQUIRES LIFE LONG REPLACEMENT OF THYROID HORMONES

over secretion of GH in children/ diagnosis is the same as acromegaly

fertility issues

• caused by autoimmune disorders, injections, destruction of the pituitary gland
• s/s: depends on cause of the pituitary failure and the hormones involved.
• diagnosis: h&p, lab test hormones, mri
• sheehan syndrome ; rare/ pp hemorrhage

leads to short stature

- bone breakdown and increase risk of osteoporosis / metabolic problems

• sexual dysfunction
• fertility problems

hyposecretion of GH during fetal development or childhood

• s/s: head and extremities disproportionate to torso

DI= decrease ADH = think die

• s/s: diuresis, polydipsia, deficient fluid volume, hypotension, weight loss, weight loss, poor skin turgor- can lead to shock if untreated
• excessive drinking cause they are DEHYDRATED

• diluted urine 1.0005
• dry inside so HI natremia and osmolity
• drinking alot
• dehydrated
• decreased BP
• desmopressin
• vasopressin

• excessive increased ADH
• fluid retention
• caused by tumor
• s/s: weight gain, edema, hyponatremia can be less than 120MEQ
• decreased urine output, high bp, seizures, loss of conciousness, muscle cramps

• hyperthyroidism
• graves
• thyroid storm
• hypothyroidism
• myexedema coma
• thyroiditis
• thyroid cancer

• enlarged thyroid gland, can be caused by iodine deficiency
• common causes is an increase in TSH from lack of thyroid hormone production
• s/s; enlargment in front of neck difficulty swallowing/ bretahing

overactive thyroid/ primary hyperthyroidism: occurs within the thyroid gland= graves disease

the result of an abnormally in another gland; pituitary gland

• smoking is a r/f (graves disease)
• infection
• medicatiosn containing iodine such as amiodaroone
• s/s: weight loss, anxiety, tachycardia, insomnia , infertility, increased thirst and urination

• pre op; iver access, vs, ekg
• post op; high fowlers, keep head in neutral position to relieve rension
• do not hyperextend neck
• monitor for bleeding /swelling/ check breathing
• trachea kit should be available at bedside/ ett at bedside
• watch for voice changes

severe hyperthyroid state

• can result in death in 2hrs
• can occur in hyperthyroidism/ stressor or illness/ after thyroid surgery
• s/s; tachycardia & pnea, hypertension/ temp 106 or higher

autoimmune idsorder / causes hyperthyroidism

• s/s: enlarged thyroid gland, bulged eyes, mood swings, palpitations, heat insensitivity

s/s- weight gain, joint pain, slow hr, cold intolerance, non pitting edema, bag under eyes

-myxedema coma= severe hypothyroidism

inflammation of thyroid gland 3 types

• acute: caused by an infection / tx antibotics
• subacute: viral infection (respiratory)/ tx symptoms
• chronic: autoimmune= hashimoto's (life long replacement synthroid)

low levels of PTH

• s/s- tingling, chvostek sign/ trouuseasu sign/ seizures/ broncho spasms

sign of low serum calcium levels/ muscle twitching/ cramps and spasms due to irritability of the neuro tissue/ seizures/ bronchospasms can occur= emergancy most likely to cause death of a pt with acute hypoparathyroidism

occurs with hypocalcemia

- twitching of facial muscles when tapped infront of ear

occurs with hypocalcemia/ inflate bp cuff 20 mm for - mins

-a postive sign will present as a carpal spasm

results in deficit of all 3 hormones ( cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone)

-decreased function of adrenal cortex

2 types;

• primary insufficency; affecting adrenal cortex itself/ autoimmune/ inflamamtion/ infection: nonsecreting tumor
• secondary insufficeny; pituitary glands fail to excrete ATCH / after abrupt withdraw from steroid therapy
• s/s- vague, hypoglycemia, hyponatemia, hypotension, and anorexia

caused by incomplete metabolism of fats from absent or insufficent supply of insulin

ketonuria , kussmauls resp, fruity breath, polyuria, polydipsia and N&V

insulin resistance

• factors assoicated with type 2: obesity, family history, GD, metabolic syndrome / inactivity
• s/s- weight gain, 2P's, poor healing, tingling numbeness in feet/ itching
• complications- HHNS

pregnancy diabetes / usually will develop type 2 in future

hypertension, hyperglycemia, excess abdominal fat, elevated cholesterol and triglycerides

elevated blood sugars

• 3 P's= polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
• weight loss=type 1
• weight gain= type 2

decreased bs

• <70
• diagnosis; blood glucose levels
• causes: too much insulin or too much exercise/ skipped meal / bypass surgery/ alcohol abuse

if awake administer 15g fast acting simple carbs/ wait 15 minutes then re check / administer another 15g of carbs/ 7g of protein

present at birth & does not have to be learned through exposure to an invader

exposed to foreign substances & the immune system responds

antibodies are transferred from one host to another

antibodies (immunoglobins)

lymphocytes

a substance recognized as foreign that triggers as immune response

immunoglobin / protein produced by B lymphocytes that binds a specific antigen

bodys ability to maintain internal balance; the immune system helps maintain homeostasis by eliminating pathogens

• protects body from pathogens
• remove microorganisms through phagocytosis
• produces antibodies and immune memory
• provides humoral (bcell) cellular (tcell) immunity
• returns tissue to fluid
• drains excess tissue fluid & return it to circulation

inflmmatory medicators causing vasodilation and pain

Crosses placenta ; fetal immunity

-MOST abundent : crosses placenta

first antibody produced in infection

found inmucous membranes & breast milk

allergic reactions / parasitic defense

b cell receptor

true

500-1000

presense of reed-sternberg cells

t cells / b cells