Nutrition 10 Flashcards

Which change defines acute kidney injury?

A) Increased urine osmolality

B) Chronic proteinuria

C) Increased renal perfusion

D) Sudden GFR decline

Which set lists recognized causes of acute kidney injury?

A) Infection, toxins, trauma, dehydration, shock

B) Diabetes, hypertension, cysts, anemia, stones

C) Proteinuria, edema, hyperlipidemia, hypoalbuminemia

D) Cancer, cirrhosis, pancreatitis, asthma, gout

In septic AKI, severe catabolism accelerates degradation of which substrates?

A) Glucose and glycogen

B) Protein and amino acids

C) Fatty acids and ketones

D) Calcium and phosphate

Which outcome cluster can result from catabolic AKI?

A) Poor healing, infection, hospitalization, mortality

B) Polycythemia, alkalosis, hypertension, fractures

C) Hypoglycemia, jaundice, ascites, bradycardia

D) Weight gain, edema, eosinophilia, hypothermia

Why is medical nutrition therapy important in AKI?

A) It directly raises GFR

B) It prevents all dialysis

C) It reverses nephrotoxicity

D) Malnutrition increases mortality

Implementation of nutrition therapy in AKI depends on which factors?

A) Age, sex, height, race

B) Capsule, cortex, medulla, pelvis

C) Nutrition, catabolism, phase, urine output

D) Sodium, glucose, albumin, bilirubin

Which clinical indications help guide AKI nutrition therapy?

A) Uremia or volume overload

B) Hematuria or renal cysts

C) Polyuria or glucosuria

D) Ascites or encephalopathy

Which goals best match nutrition therapy in AKI?

A) Promote edema and catabolism

B) Preserve protein, skin, nutrients

C) Lower oxygen and glucose

D) Suppress appetite and urine

AKI nutrition therapy also aims to maintain which homeostatic balances?

A) Calcium, bone, marrow

B) Insulin, cortisol, thyroid

C) Bile, clotting, digestion

D) Fluid, electrolytes, acid-base

A critically ill patient with AKI is started on continuous renal replacement therapy. Which abbreviation is used?

A) CKD

B) GFR

C) CRRT

D) RAAS

Which definition best identifies chronic kidney disease?

A) Kidney abnormality over 3 months

B) Sudden GFR decline

C) Temporary dehydration injury

D) Acute nephrotoxin exposure

Which GFR criterion is consistent with CKD when present longer than 3 months?

A) <120 mL/min/1.73 m²

B) <90 mL/min/1.73 m²

C) <75 mL/min/1.73 m²

D) <60 mL/min/1.73 m²

Which pair represents common causes of chronic kidney disease?

A) Trauma and dehydration

B) Diabetes and hypertension

C) Infection and nephrotoxins

D) Shock and ischemia

Which set includes other causes of chronic kidney disease?

A) Asthma, gout, migraine

B) Cirrhosis, pancreatitis, hepatitis

C) Glomerulonephritis, polycystic disease, autoimmunity

D) Pneumonia, anemia, hypokalemia

Which complication cluster is associated with chronic kidney disease?

A) Anemia, bone, electrolytes, cardiovascular

B) Polycythemia, alkalosis, jaundice, asthma

C) Hyperthyroidism, seizures, arthritis, ulcers

D) Pancreatitis, ascites, hemoptysis, rash

Protein restriction in predialysis CKD may slow progression by reducing what?

A) Renin release and EPO secretion

B) Tubular flow and urine output

C) Calcium absorption and phosphate binding

D) Hyperfiltration and uremic toxins

What protein intake is generally recommended for CKD patients not on dialysis?

A) 0.2–0.4 g/kg/day

B) 0.6–0.8 g/kg/day

C) 1.2–1.5 g/kg/day

D) 1.8–2.0 g/kg/day

Why do hemodialysis patients generally need about 1.2 g/kg/day protein?

A) Reduced intestinal absorption

B) Increased renal filtration

C) Dialysis leads to amino acid losses

D) Decreased uremic toxin production

Compared with predialysis CKD, peritoneal dialysis often requires what protein adjustment?

A) Higher protein intake

B) Lower protein intake

C) No protein intake

D) Ketogenic protein intake

Sodium restriction in CKD helps control which issues?

A) Anemia and bone pain

B) Acidosis and hyperkalemia

C) Uremia and proteinuria

D) Blood pressure and fluid retention

Potassium restriction may be needed in CKD to prevent which complication?

A) Hypokalemia

B) Hyperkalemia

C) Hypocalcemia

D) Hypernatremia

Phosphorus restriction in CKD helps prevent which paired complications?

A) Anemia and uremia

B) Hyperkalemia and acidosis

C) Osteodystrophy and secondary hyperparathyroidism

D) Hypertension and fluid retention

In CKD, hyperphosphatemia can directly contribute to which vascular complication?

A) Aneurysm rupture

B) Vasculitis

C) Venous thrombosis

D) Vascular calcification

A CKD patient has persistent hyperphosphatemia despite diet changes. Which therapy may be required to control serum phosphorus?

A) Loop diuretics

B) Phosphate binders

C) Potassium binders

D) Calcium blockers

Which CKD patient most likely requires fluid restriction?

A) Polyuria and hypokalemia

B) Hematuria and fever

C) Proteinuria without edema

D) Oliguria or fluid overload

A CKD patient develops normocytic anemia. Which decreased hormone production best explains this?

A) Renin

B) Calcitriol

C) Erythropoietin

D) Aldosterone

Impaired vitamin D activation in CKD most directly contributes to which paired complications?

A) Hyperkalemia and acidosis

B) Hypocalcemia and bone disease

C) Hypernatremia and edema

D) Hypoglycemia and anemia

Hemodialysis removes excess waste and fluid primarily by diffusion across what?

A) Peritoneal membrane

B) Glomerular basement membrane

C) Tubular epithelium

D) Semipermeable membrane

Peritoneal dialysis uses which structure as the dialysis membrane?

A) Peritoneal membrane

B) Bowman capsule

C) Renal capsule

D) Pleural membrane

A patient on peritoneal dialysis gains weight and develops hyperglycemia. Which dialysate component explains this?

A) Amino acids

B) Phosphate

C) Glucose

D) Urea

Patients receiving dialysis are at increased risk for which nutritional complication?

A) Protein-energy malnutrition

B) Iron overload

C) Vitamin D toxicity

D) Hyperalbuminemia

Nutrition therapy for nephrotic syndrome may include which intervention to control edema?

A) Sodium restriction

B) Potassium loading

C) Phosphate loading

D) Fluid liberalization

Why is excessive protein intake generally avoided in nephrotic syndrome?

A) It worsens hyperkalemia

B) It causes cystinuria

C) It worsens proteinuria

D) It causes struvite stones

Nephrolithiasis refers to formation of what?

A) Renal cysts

B) Kidney stones

C) Glomerular scars

D) Ureteral strictures

Which urine-related factor strongly increases kidney stone risk?

A) High urine volume

B) Low urine volume

C) Low urine calcium

D) High urine pH

Which intervention is most important for preventing recurrent nephrolithiasis?

A) Increasing fluid intake

B) Eliminating dietary calcium

C) Increasing sodium intake

D) Restricting all protein

Which substance is found in the most common kidney stone type?

A) Uric acid

B) Struvite

C) Calcium oxalate

D) Cystine

Which food set is high in oxalate?

A) Eggs, rice, apples

B) Milk, yogurt, cheese

C) Fish, chicken, turkey

D) Spinach, nuts, tea

A patient with calcium oxalate stones asks what to limit. Which advice is most appropriate?

A) Limit oxalate-rich foods

B) Avoid all dietary calcium

C) Increase sodium intake

D) Increase animal protein

Low dietary calcium can increase calcium oxalate stone risk by increasing what?

A) Urinary sodium loss

B) Gut oxalate absorption

C) Uric acid solubility

D) Citrate excretion

Uric acid kidney stones are associated with which urinary and serum pattern?

A) Hypouricemia, alkaline urine

B) Hypercalcemia, dilute urine

C) Hyperuricemia, acidic urine

D) Cystinuria, neutral urine

Struvite stones are associated with which condition?

A) Urease-positive urinary infections

B) Low dietary calcium

C) Hyperuricemia and gout

D) Isolated cystinuria

Cystine stones occur in patients with which inherited disorder?

A) Cystinuria

B) Alkaptonuria

C) Homocystinuria

D) Hartnup disease

Restricting sodium intake helps prevent calcium stones by reducing what?

A) Urinary oxalate absorption

B) Urinary calcium excretion

C) Serum phosphate levels

D) Serum uric acid

Animal protein increases kidney stone risk by increasing urinary excretion of what?

A) Sodium and phosphate

B) Calcium and uric acid

C) Potassium and citrate

D) Magnesium and bicarbonate

Patients with CKD are at increased risk for which major complication?

A) Cardiovascular disease

B) Acute pancreatitis

C) Pulmonary embolism

D) Adrenal insufficiency

Malnutrition in renal disease commonly results from which combination?

A) Polyphagia, obesity, alkalosis

B) Poor appetite, restrictions, catabolism

C) Hyperthyroidism, diarrhea, fever

D) Protein excess, edema, hyperglycemia

A patient with uremia develops gastrointestinal symptoms and reduced intake. Which symptom cluster is expected?

A) Diarrhea, hunger, jaundice

B) Constipation, thirst, flushing

C) Nausea, vomiting, poor appetite

D) Dysphagia, bleeding, polyphagia

Which laboratory value is commonly used as a nutritional marker in renal disease?

A) Serum albumin

B) Serum potassium

C) Serum creatinine

D) Serum sodium

Patients with renal disease often require monitoring of which diet-related factors?

A) Calcium, glucose, iron, zinc

B) Protein, fat, fiber, vitamins

C) Potassium, phosphorus, sodium, fluid

D) Chloride, copper, iodine, folate