lymphatic and immune system
filters body fluid, attacks foreign substances
What is included in the lymphatic / immune system?
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, tonsils
lymph
clear fluid with white blood cell concentration, flows through lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes to filter and transmit nutrients in lymph fluid and waste tissue back and forth between bloodstream, WBC destroy toxins in lymph fluid
muscular system
moves body and substances in it, maintains posture, produces heat
What is included in the muscular system?
cellular, muscular, smooth muscle
skeletal system
protects and supports body and organs
What is included in the skeletal system?
bones, teeth, and joints
mineralization
bones absorb calcium and phosphorus
What is included in the respiratory system?
nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, bronchus
conducting zone
nose to terminal bronchioles in lungs (filter, warm, and moisten air)
respiratory zone
bronchioles and alveoli (exchange O2 and CO2)
urinary / renal system
filters blood waste and expels as urine
What is included in the urinary / renal system?
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
reproductive system
produces, transports, sustains reproductive cells, nurtures offspring, produces sex hormones
What is in the female reproductive system?
vagina, ovaries, uterus that produce estrogen
What is in the male reproductive system?
penis, testes, prostate that produce testosterone
endocrine system
hormones influence growth, reproduction, and metabolism
What is included in the endocrine system?
testis, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, ovaries, pancreas
intergumery system
external coverage, protects deeper tissues, regulates body temperature, absorbs and secretes substances
What is included in the intergumery system?
skin, hair, nails
toxicology
the effects of chemicals on the human body (e.g. alcohols, drugs, poisons, metals, gases)
lethal dose (LD)
the amount of a substance it takes to kill someone, different for each substance and individuals
forensic toxicology
identify how substances play a role in death that tests organic matter from blood tissues and living people
digestive system
breaks down food into nutrients, absorbs nutrients, dispels wastes
What is included in the digestive system?
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
hollow organs
esophagus and intestines (pass food through)
solid organs
pancreas and gallbladder (produce digestive enzymes)
physical digestion
mechanical action of breaking down food
chemical digestion
the enzymes and acids that break down food into smaller molecules
metabolism
the breakdown of substances into smaller new substances
metabolites
smaller molecules made from metabolism in cells / tissues in the body
What are metabolites used for in toxicology?
to tell what was digested since different medications are metabolized at different rates and reach the blood stream at different times
oral cavity
tongue, teeth, salivary glands
esophagus
muscular tube that transports food from the oral cavity to the stomach
stomach
contracts and uses acids and enzymes to break down food
small intestine
breaks down food, between stomach and large intestine
large intestine
wraps around small intestine and reabsorbs water and forms waste
forensic chemist
tests abiotic matter (pills, drugs)