Phys 25 Flashcards

A researcher estimates daily water gain in a fasting patient receiving dextrose-containing fluids. Which pairing correctly identifies the two major sources by which water enters body fluids?

A) Sweat absorption; lipid oxidation

B) Ingestion; carbohydrate oxidation

C) Urine recycling; protein oxidation

D) Fecal uptake; ketone oxidation

A sleeping patient loses water continuously from the respiratory tract without noticing it. What best explains why this is called insensible water loss?

A) It occurs without conscious awareness

B) It requires renal excretion

C) It occurs only during fever

D) It requires visible sweating

A burn patient develops major ongoing fluid loss despite no diarrhea or polyuria. Which mechanism best explains this increased evaporative loss?

A) Plasma protein overproduction

B) Denuded cornified skin layer

C) Reduced capillary membrane pores

D) Increased intracellular fluid volume

A patient with extensive burns is being resuscitated after losing large amounts of water by evaporation. Which route is usually required to balance this fluid loss?

A) Intravenous fluid replacement

B) Oral salt restriction

C) Subcutaneous water injection

D) Respiratory humidifier alone

A person notices dry airways during cold weather. Which mechanism best explains this respiratory dryness?

A) Higher vapor pressure increases humidification

B) Low vapor pressure increases lung water loss

C) Cold air stops respiratory evaporation

D) Sweat production replaces lung loss

In cold weather, atmospheric vapor pressure approaches zero. What effect does this have on respiratory water balance?

A) Decreases lung water loss

B) Increases lung water loss

C) Stops insensible water loss

D) Converts loss into sweat

A patient with severe diarrhea loses several liters of water daily. Why can this become life-threatening within days?

A) Plasma proteins immediately disappear

B) Fecal water loss can massively increase

C) Urine volume must reach zero

D) Intracellular water cannot shift

A physiology student is dividing total body fluid into its two main compartments. Which pair is correct?

A) Plasma; transcellular fluid

B) Blood; lymphatic fluid

C) Extracellular fluid; intracellular fluid

D) Interstitial fluid; cerebrospinal fluid

A student further divides extracellular fluid into its major subcompartments. Which pair is correct?

A) Interstitial fluid; plasma

B) Cytosol; red cell water

C) Synovial fluid; intraocular fluid

D) Plasma; intracellular fluid

A physician explains that synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, intraocular, and cerebrospinal fluids belong to a specialized compartment. Which classification is most accurate?

A) Intracellular fluid subtype

B) Specialized extracellular fluid

C) Red blood cell fluid

D) Plasma protein compartment

Which set consists entirely of transcellular fluids?

A) Plasma; lymph; sweat

B) Cytosol; erythrocyte water; plasma

C) CSF; synovial; pericardial fluid

D) Interstitial; intracellular; extracellular fluid

What is true?

A) Total body fluid decreases with age

B) Plasma volume doubles with age

C) Intracellular fluid becomes extracellular

D) Transcellular fluid progressively dominates

Compared with men, women generally have lower total body water percentage. Which explanation and estimate are most accurate?

A) Less fat

B) More fat

C) More muscle

D) Less plasma

A newborn has a higher total body water percentage than an adult woman. True or False.

In a 70-kg adult with about 42 liters of total body water, approximately 28 liters are located where?

A) Inside cells

B) In plasma

C) In interstitium

D) In transcellular spaces

In the extracellular fluid, which compartment makes up more than three-fourths of the volume?

A) Plasma

B) Interstitial fluid

C) Red cell fluid

D) Cerebrospinal fluid

In the extracellular fluid, which compartment makes up almost one-fourth of the volume?

A) Plasma

B) Interstitial fluid

C) Red cell fluid

D) Cerebrospinal fluid

Which statement best describes plasma in relation to blood?

A) Cellular portion of blood

B) Noncellular portion of blood

C) Fluid inside red cells

D) Specialized transcellular fluid

Plasma exchanges substances continuously with interstitial fluid through which structure?

A) Cell nuclear pores

B) Renal collecting ducts

C) Capillary membrane pores

D) Alveolar epithelial cilia

In a healthy adult, plasma and interstitial fluid—both components of the extracellular fluid—maintain a nearly identical electrolyte composition due to constant mixing. However, they differ significantly in their solute concentration because capillary membranes are relatively impermeable to large molecules. Which of the following represents the major difference between these two fluids?

A) Higher protein concentration in the plasma
B) Higher protein concentration in the interstitial fluid
C) Lack of electrolytes in the plasma
D) Absence of sodium in the interstitium

When analyzing blood composition via hematocrit, it is observed that blood acts as a mini-ecosystem containing both major body fluid compartments. Based on the location of the fluid relative to the cell membranes of the formed elements, which of the following pairings correctly identifies these compartments?

A) Plasma is Extracellular Fluid (ECF); Red cell fluid is Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
B) Plasma is Intracellular Fluid (ICF); Red cell fluid is Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
C) Plasma is Transcellular Fluid; Red cell fluid is Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
D) Plasma is Interstitial Fluid; Red cell fluid is Plasma

A normal blood sample is separated into its major components. Which distribution best matches typical blood composition?

A) 40% plasma; 60% red cells

B) 50% plasma; 50% red cells

C) 60% plasma; 40% red cells

D) 80% plasma; 20% red cells

A centrifuged blood sample forms packed cells at the bottom of a hematocrit tube. Which interpretation of hematocrit is most accurate?

A) Plasma protein concentration

B) Red cell blood fraction

C) Total extracellular volume

D) Interstitial fluid fraction

A patient has plasma and interstitial fluid with similar ionic compositions. Which anatomic feature best explains this similarity?

A) Tight epithelial barriers

B) Permeable capillary membranes

C) Impermeable cell membranes

D) Active neuronal transport

A physiology student asks why plasma holds slightly more sodium and potassium than interstitial fluid. Which property of plasma proteins best explains this?

A) Positive net charge

B) Negative net charge

C) Complete membrane permeability

D) High lipid solubility

Which organ system most directly maintains the carefully regulated composition of extracellular fluid?

A) Kidneys

B) Spleen

C) Pancreas

D) Adrenal cortex

A sample of intracellular fluid is compared with extracellular fluid. Which electrolyte pattern best matches intracellular fluid?

A) High sodium, high chloride

B) High potassium, high phosphate

C) High calcium, high chloride

D) High sodium, high calcium

Which pair is normally present only in small quantities in intracellular fluid compared with extracellular fluid?

A) Potassium and phosphate

B) Sodium and chloride

C) Magnesium and sulfate

D) Protein and phosphate

Which ion is present at almost negligible concentration inside cells under normal conditions?

A) Sodium

B) Chloride

C) Calcium

D) Potassium

A cell’s intracellular fluid contains moderate amounts of two ions that are relatively low in extracellular fluid. Which pair is most accurate?

A) Sodium and chloride

B) Calcium and bicarbonate

C) Magnesium and sulfate

D) Albumin and sodium

A researcher measures a body fluid compartment by injecting a marker, allowing even distribution, then measuring dilution. What principle is being used?

A) Indicator dilution

B) Osmotic filtration

C) Capillary exchange

D) Donnan equilibrium

In an indicator-dilution experiment, what two values are required to calculate compartment volume?

A) Hematocrit and plasma proteins

B) Total indicator and final concentration

C) Urine output and sweat loss

D) Sodium level and osmolality

A tracer is injected into a compartment and allowed to disperse completely. If the final concentration is lower, what does this imply about the compartment?

A) Smaller volume

B) Larger volume

C) Lower permeability

D) Higher hematocrit

A substance used to estimate extracellular fluid volume should distribute where?

A) Plasma and interstitial fluid

B) Plasma and red cells

C) Intracellular fluid

D) Transcellular fluid only

Which property is required for a marker used to estimate extracellular fluid volume?

A) Crosses cell membranes rapidly

B) Binds tightly to erythrocytes

C) Avoids cell membrane permeation

D) Remains only in plasma

Which set contains substances used to estimate extracellular fluid volume?

A) Inulin, thiosulfate, iothalamate

B) Albumin, Evans blue, chromium

C) Antipyrine, tritium, deuterium

D) Hemoglobin, albumin, sodium

Which compartment cannot be measured directly using a standard indicator-dilution marker?

A) Plasma volume

B) Extracellular volume

C) Intracellular volume

D) Total body water

A patient’s total body water and extracellular fluid volume are known. How should intracellular fluid volume be calculated?

A) Plasma minus hematocrit

B) TBW minus ECF volume

C) ECF minus plasma volume

D) Blood minus plasma volume

A marker for measuring plasma volume must have which distribution property after injection?

A) Crosses capillaries freely

B) Enters red cells rapidly

C) Remains intravascular

D) Permeates all cells

Which labeled substance is commonly used to measure plasma volume?

A) 125I-labeled serum albumin

B) 51Cr-labeled red cells

C) Tritiated water

D) Radioactive chloride

Evans blue dye can measure plasma volume because it has which key property?

A) Binds plasma proteins

B) Crosses cell membranes

C) Enters red blood cells

D) Labels intracellular water

A patient’s extracellular fluid volume and plasma volume are measured. Which calculation gives interstitial fluid volume?

A) Plasma volume divided hematocrit

B) ECF volume minus plasma volume

C) TBW minus extracellular volume

D) Blood volume minus red cells

A patient has a plasma volume of 3 L and hematocrit of 40%. What is the estimated total blood volume?

A) 4 L

B) 5 L

C) 6 L

D) 7 L

Which formula correctly calculates total blood volume from plasma volume and hematocrit?

A) Plasma volume × hematocrit

B) Plasma volume ÷ hematocrit

C) Plasma volume × (1 − hematocrit)

D) Plasma volume ÷ (1 − hematocrit)

An investigator wants to measure blood volume directly using labeled cells. Which approach is most appropriate?

A) Inject labeled red blood cells

B) Inject lipid-soluble antipyrine

C) Inject Evans blue dye

D) Inject radioactive chloride

Which radioactive material is frequently used to label red blood cells for blood volume measurement?

A) 125I

B) 3H

C) 51Cr

D) 2H

The distribution of water between intracellular and extracellular compartments is mainly governed by which force?

A) Osmotic solute effects

B) Plasma oncotic pressure only

C) Red cell sedimentation

D) Protein-bound dye movement

Which solutes are especially important for osmotic water distribution across cell membranes?

A) Sodium, chloride, electrolytes

B) Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

C) Urea, creatinine, bilirubin

D) Glucose, lactate, ketones

A cell membrane separates intracellular from extracellular fluid. What process describes water diffusion across this membrane?

A) Filtration

B) Osmosis

C) Secretion

D) Pinocytosis

Which of the following pairings correctly identifies the denominator used for osmolality and osmolarity, respectively?"

A) Per liter of water; per kilogram of solution

B) Per liter of solution; per kilogram of water

C) Per kilogram of water; per liter of solution

D) Per kilogram of solution; per liter of plasma

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and neither shrinks nor swells. Which description best matches this solution?

A) Isotonic to the cell

B) Hypotonic to the cell

C) Hypertonic to the cell

D) Hyperosmotic to plasma

A red blood cell is placed in fluid containing fewer impermeant solutes than intracellular fluid. Which sequence is most likely?

A) Water exits; cell shrinks

B) Sodium exits; cell swells

C) Water enters; cell shrinks

D) Water enters; cell swells

A cell placed in a hypotonic solution swells until osmotic equilibrium is reached. What happens to the extracellular fluid during this process?

A) It becomes more dilute

B) It becomes protein-free

C) It becomes more concentrated

D) It becomes completely isotonic

A patient receives a hypertonic infusion containing excess impermeant solute. Which immediate cellular water shift is expected?

A) Water enters cells

B) Water leaves cells

C) Sodium leaves plasma

D) Chloride enters cells

A physiology instructor explains why osmotic shifts after water intake occur quickly. Which membrane property is most responsible?

A) Sodium crosses rapidly

B) Water crosses rapidly

C) Proteins cross rapidly

D) Chloride crosses rapidly

Cell membranes prevent many extracellular solutes from freely entering cells. Which solute pair is emphasized as largely impermeant across cell membranes?

A) Urea and glucose

B) Calcium and albumin

C) Sodium and chloride

D) Potassium and phosphate

Because many solutes cannot freely cross cell membranes, what generally remains constant within intracellular and extracellular compartments?

A) Number of osmoles

B) Total water content

C) Plasma protein charge

D) Capillary hydrostatic pressure

A hospitalized patient receives a glucose-containing IV solution. How are such nutrient solutions usually administered to avoid osmotic disturbance?

A) Always strongly hypertonic

B) Always strongly hypotonic

C) Only as lipid emulsions

D) Isotonic or slowly infused

Which IV nutrient solution is most widely used out of these options?

A) Amino acid solutions

B) Glucose solutions

C) Homogenized fat solution

D) Albumin solutions

A clinician estimates plasma osmolarity without directly measuring it. Which serum value is usually the most useful surrogate?

A) Sodium concentration

B) Potassium concentration

C) Albumin concentration

D) Calcium concentration

Why can plasma sodium concentration often approximate plasma osmolarity under many clinical conditions?

A) Sodium freely enters cells

B) Sodium binds albumin completely

C) Sodium salts dominate ECF solute

D) Sodium reflects intracellular proteins

Sodium and its associated anions account for approximately what fraction of extracellular fluid solute?

A) About 25 percent

B) About 50 percent

C) About 75 percent

D) More than 90 percent

A patient develops a decreased plasma sodium concentration. Which two broad mechanisms can produce this finding?

A) Sodium loss; excess water

B) Potassium loss; protein gain

C) Calcium gain; water loss

D) Albumin loss; chloride gain

A patient loses sodium chloride primarily from the extracellular fluid. Which combined finding is most expected?

A) Hypernatremia with overhydration

B) Hyponatremia with dehydration

C) Hypernatremia with dehydration

D) Hyponatremia with edema

Primary sodium chloride loss usually causes hyponatremia associated with which extracellular fluid volume change?

A) Increased ECF volume

B) Normal ECF volume

C) Decreased ECF volume

D) Increased plasma volume

A patient presents after several days of vomiting and diarrhea. Which electrolyte-volume pattern is most directly explained by these losses?

A) Hypernatremia; overhydration

B) Hyperkalemia; plasma expansion

C) Hypocalcemia; intracellular swelling

D) Hyponatremia; decreased ECF volume

A patient overuses a diuretic that blocks renal sodium conservation. Which disorder may develop as a result?

A) Hypocalcemia

B) Hypernatremia

C) Hyponatremia

D) Hyperphosphatemia

A sodium-wasting kidney disease causes modest hyponatremia. What renal function is most directly impaired?

A) Conserving sodium

B) Excreting potassium

C) Filtering proteins

D) Producing aldosterone

A patient with adrenal insufficiency has low aldosterone secretion. Which renal defect best explains the associated modest hyponatremia?

A) Excess sodium reabsorption

B) Impaired sodium reabsorption

C) Excess water excretion

D) Impaired potassium excretion

Which condition links decreased aldosterone secretion with impaired renal sodium reabsorption and modest hyponatremia?

A) Cushing syndrome

B) Conn syndrome

C) SIADH

D) Addison disease

A euvolemic-appearing patient has low plasma sodium due primarily to retained water diluting extracellular sodium. Which term best describes this pattern?

A) Hyponatremia-overhydration

B) Hyponatremia-dehydration

C) Hypernatremia-overhydration

D) Hypernatremia-dehydration

A marathon runner rapidly develops severe hyponatremia after excessive water intake. Which brain complication explains headache, nausea, lethargy, and disorientation?

A) Neuronal demyelination

B) Brain cell edema

C) Cerebral sodium retention

D) Plasma protein leakage

Why can rapid hyponatremia become fatal even before major systemic organ failure?

A) Skull permits unlimited swelling

B) Brain volume cannot expand much

C) Sodium immediately enters neurons

D) CSF instantly absorbs edema

A patient with acute severe hyponatremia deteriorates as the swollen brain is forced downward through the skull base. What is this complication called?

A) Osmotic demyelination

B) Cerebral filtration

C) Brain herniation

D) Central pontine adaptation

A patient’s chronic hyponatremia is corrected too rapidly with hypertonic saline. What neuronal injury is classically associated with this management error?

A) Brain cell edema

B) Osmotic demyelination

C) Intracellular acidosis

D) Capillary rupture

Why can overly rapid hypertonic correction of hyponatremia injure neurons?

A) It outpaces solute recapture

B) It blocks sodium excretion

C) It increases brain edema

D) It denudes capillary membranes

During adaptation to hyponatremia, brain cells lose solutes. Rapid hypertonic therapy becomes dangerous when it exceeds the brain’s ability to do what?

A) Excrete potassium

B) Restore plasma proteins

C) Recapture lost solutes

D) Produce more CSF

A hospitalized patient develops confusion and is found to have low plasma sodium. Which statement best describes this electrolyte disorder in clinical practice?

A) Most common electrolyte disorder

B) Rare outpatient-only disorder

C) Usually caused by hyperosmolarity

D) Less common than hypernatremia

A patient develops increased plasma sodium concentration with increased extracellular osmolarity. Which two mechanisms can produce this pattern?

A) Sodium loss; water gain

B) Water loss; sodium excess

C) Protein loss; potassium gain

D) Chloride loss; albumin excess

A trauma patient develops polyuria after pituitary injury. Labs show hypernatremia and dilute urine. Which mechanism best explains central diabetes insipidus?

A) Excess aldosterone secretion

B) Lack of antidiuretic hormone

C) Excess renal sodium conservation

D) Increased plasma protein leakage

Compared with hyponatremia, which statement best describes hypernatremia?

A) More common and milder

B) More common in hospitals

C) Equal frequency clinically

D) Much less common clinically

A patient develops hypernatremia after free water loss. Which paired physiologic response helps prevent further sodium elevation?

A) Thirst; ADH secretion

B) Hunger; aldosterone suppression

C) Sweating; insulin release

D) Diuresis; ADH suppression

Hypernatremia stimulates intense thirst and ADH secretion. What is the shared protective effect of these responses?

A) Increase intracellular sodium entry

B) Limit extracellular sodium rise

C) Increase plasma protein filtration

D) Block capillary sodium movement

A patient with hypernatremia requires correction of extracellular hyperosmolarity. Which fluid approach is most appropriate?

A) Hypertonic saline rapidly

B) Albumin with diuretics

C) Packed red blood cells

D) Hypo-osmotic NaCl or dextrose

A patient has excess fluid accumulation within body tissues. Which term best describes this finding?

A) Ascites

B) Anasarca

C) Edema

D) Polyuria

In most patients with clinically apparent edema, excess fluid accumulates primarily in which compartment?

A) Extracellular fluid

B) Intracellular fluid

C) Red blood cells

D) Plasma only

Which set contains the three major conditions especially prone to causing intracellular swelling?

A) Hypernatremia; fever; alkalosis

B) Hyponatremia; metabolic depression; malnutrition

C) Hyperkalemia; hypoxia; proteinuria

D) Hypertension; lymph blockage; cancer

A severely malnourished patient develops cellular swelling despite no major lymphatic obstruction. Which mechanism is a recognized cause of intracellular edema?

A) Increased capillary pressure

B) Increased plasma oncotic pressure

C) Excess extracellular sodium

D) Lack of adequate nutrition

A tissue sample from an inflamed wound shows cellular swelling. Which process best explains inflammation-related intracellular edema?

A) Reduced membrane sodium entry

B) Lower capillary hydrostatic pressure

C) Increased membrane permeability

D) Increased lymphatic drainage

Inflammation increases cell membrane permeability and allows sodium and other ions to enter cells. What water movement follows?

A) Water osmoses into cells

B) Water exits into plasma

C) Water remains extracellular only

D) Water enters lymphatics directly

A patient has excess fluid accumulation specifically in the extracellular spaces. Which term best describes this pattern?

A) Intracellular edema

B) Cerebral edema

C) Cytotoxic edema

D) Extracellular fluid edema

Which pair represents the two broad mechanisms that cause extracellular edema

A) Cell swelling; RBC hemolysis

B) Capillary leakage; lymphatic failure

C) ADH loss; thirst suppression

D) Sodium entry; water exit

Extracellular fluid edema can occur when plasma fluid abnormally crosses capillaries into which space?

A) Intracellular space

B) Red blood cells

C) Interstitial space

D) Transcellular vesicles

Failure of lymphatics to return interstitial fluid to the blood is commonly called what?

A) Lymphedema

B) Hypernatremia

C) Nephrotic syndrome

D) Hydrocele

A patient with chronic filarial infection develops massive leg swelling and thickened skin. Which paired complication is most characteristic?

A) Ascites; pulmonary edema

B) Lymphedema; elephantiasis

C) Hyponatremia; brain edema

D) Proteinuria; nephrotic syndrome

A man with filarial lymphatic obstruction develops marked scrotal swelling. Which term best describes this finding?

A) Varicocele

B) Spermatocele

C) Hydrocele

D) Hematocele

A woman develops arm swelling after breast cancer surgery involving lymph node removal. Which mechanism best explains the edema?

A) Increased ADH release

B) Excess sodium ingestion

C) Reduced plasma osmolarity

D) Obstructed lymph return

Which clinical setting can cause lymphedema by removing or obstructing lymphatic vessels?

A) Cancer surgery

B) Central diabetes insipidus

C) Acute hypernatremia

D) Excess dextrose infusion

Which set correctly lists major mechanisms of extracellular edema?

A) Low sodium; low ADH; thirst

B) High potassium; low calcium; fever

C) High capillary pressure; low proteins

D) Low capillary pressure; high proteins

Which abnormality lowers plasma colloid osmotic pressure and promotes generalized extracellular edema?

A) Increased red cell volume

B) Increased sodium concentration

C) Reduced plasma protein level

D) Reduced capillary permeability

A patient with severe liver disease cannot produce normal plasma proteins. Which sequence best explains the resulting edema?

A) Protein fall; filtration decreases

B) Protein fall; filtration increases

C) Protein rise; filtration increases

D) Protein rise; filtration decreases

A patient loses large amounts of albumin from the bloodstream. What happens to plasma colloid osmotic pressure and capillary filtration?

A) Osmotic pressure rises; filtration falls

B) Osmotic pressure rises; filtration rises

C) Osmotic pressure falls; filtration rises

D) Osmotic pressure falls; filtration falls

Loss or underproduction of plasma proteins causes edema primarily in which fluid compartment?

A) Intracellular fluid

B) Cerebrospinal fluid

C) Red blood cells

D) Extracellular fluid

A patient has edema due to very low plasma protein concentration from urinary protein loss. Which diagnosis best matches this mechanism?

A) Central diabetes insipidus

B) Addison disease

C) Nephrotic syndrome

D) Filarial hydrocele

In nephrotic syndrome, which sequence best explains generalized edema?

A) Proteinuria; low oncotic pressure

B) Polyuria; high oncotic pressure

C) Hematuria; high capillary resistance

D) Glycosuria; low lymphatic flow

A patient with cirrhosis develops generalized edema with low plasma oncotic pressure. Which liver change most directly reduces plasma protein concentration

A) Portal vein dilation

B) Fibrous tissue replacement

C) Increased bile secretion

D) Increased albumin filtration

Cirrhosis is defined histologically by which structural change in the liver?

A) Diffuse hepatocyte hypertrophy

B) Large fibrous tissue deposition

C) Isolated portal vein dilation

D) Increased sinusoidal fenestration

A cirrhotic patient develops edema because plasma protein concentration falls. Which sequence best explains this mechanism?

A) Fibrosis; protein reduction; edema

B) Portal dilation; protein rise; edema

C) Bile obstruction; sodium loss; edema

D) Hepatocyte swelling; water loss; edema

A cirrhotic patient develops ascites despite no nephrotic-range proteinuria. Which additional liver mechanism can promote abdominal fluid accumulation?

A) Fibrosis compresses portal drainage

B) Fibrosis dilates systemic arteries

C) Fibrosis increases renal filtration

D) Fibrosis blocks thoracic lymph

In cirrhosis, liver fibrosis may compress venous drainage vessels before they empty into general circulation. Which vascular bed is most involved?

A) Pulmonary venous drainage

B) Coronary venous drainage

C) Portal venous drainage

D) Cerebral venous drainage

A patient with cirrhosis has high portal capillary pressure and progressive abdominal distention. Which fluid movement best explains the ascites?

A) Plasma enters red blood cells

B) Fluid transudates into abdomen

C) CSF enters peritoneal cavity

D) Lymph drains into hepatocytes

High portal capillary pressures in cirrhosis can cause transudation of which substances into the abdominal cavity?

A) Water only

B) Red cells only

C) Fluid and protein

D) Bile and glucose

A patient with portal hypertension develops a large volume of free abdominal fluid. Which term best describes this finding?

A) Hydrocele

B) Effusion

C) Ascites

D) Lymphedema

Which set correctly lists the three major safety factors that limit excessive interstitial fluid accumulation?

A) High compliance; low lymph; protein retention

B) Low compliance; lymph increase; washdown

C) High proteins; lymph blockage; filtration

D) Low sodium; ADH release; thirst

When interstitial fluid pressure is negative, what property helps resist excessive edema formation?

A) High interstitial compliance

B) Low interstitial compliance

C) Increased plasma permeability

D) Increased intracellular swelling

A patient begins developing increased capillary filtration, but interstitial swelling remains limited at first. Which lymphatic response helps buffer edema formation?

A) Lymph flow stops completely

B) Lymph flow increases markedly

C) Lymph protein concentration rises

D) Lymphatic vessels constrict permanently

During increased capillary filtration, interstitial protein concentration decreases, lowering interstitial oncotic pressure. What is this protective mechanism called?

A) Donnan equilibrium

B) Protein washdown

C) Portal transudation

D) Capillary recruitment

How does washdown of interstitial proteins help prevent edema?

A) Raises interstitial oncotic pressure

B) Lowers interstitial oncotic pressure

C) Raises plasma hydrostatic pressure

D) Lowers plasma protein synthesis

A patient has dependent swelling in which thumb pressure leaves a persistent indentation. Which fluid property best explains this finding?

A) Free movement through tissues

B) Fibrin clotting in interstitium

C) Isolated cellular swelling

D) Fluid trapped inside cells

A clinician presses a thumb into a swollen ankle and displaces interstitial fluid away from the pressed area. Which edema type is present?

A) Nonpitting edema

B) Pitting edema

C) Intracellular edema

D) Pulmonary edema

Pitting edema occurs because pressure on tissue can push fluid in which direction?

A) Into red blood cells

B) Into hepatocytes

C) Out of the pressed area

D) Through intact skull

A patient has swollen tissue that does not pit with thumb pressure because the tissue cells themselves are swollen. Which edema type is most consistent?

A) Pitting edema

B) Nonpitting edema

C) Ascites

D) Hydrocele

A patient has nonpitting edema because interstitial fluid is clotted and cannot move freely. Which protein is most responsible for this immobility?

A) Albumin

B) Globulin

C) Fibrinogen

D) Hemoglobin

Which pair of mechanisms can produce nonpitting edema?

A) Cell swelling; fibrinogen clotting

B) Portal pressure; albumin loss

C) Lymph increase; protein washdown

D) Low compliance; high lymph

A patient with inflamed tissue has firm swelling that does not indent easily because interstitial fluid cannot move freely. Which description best matches this?

A) Pitting edema from free flow

B) Nonpitting edema from clotting

C) Ascites from portal pressure

D) Effusion from potential space

A patient has edema in subcutaneous tissues next to a potential space, and fluid also accumulates in that space. What is the collected fluid called?

A) Ascites

B) Effusion

C) Hematocrit

D) Washdown

When edema develops near a potential space, what usually happens to that adjacent space?

A) It accumulates edema fluid

B) It loses all protein

C) It becomes intracellular fluid

D) It blocks capillary pores

Which statement best distinguishes ascites from a general effusion?

A) Ascites is abdominal cavity fluid

B) Ascites is intracellular fluid

C) Effusion is red cell fraction

D) Effusion requires portal hypertension