The fusion of the right and left mandible into a single mandible bone during fetal development is an example of the formation of what kind of joint?
Synostosis
How are individual joints typically named?
Based on the names of the bones involved in the joint
An articulation, or joint, is defined as ___
Any point where two bones meet
The classification of a joint as bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial describes which of the following?
How the bone ends are held together within the joint
Bones that join together and are held in place with threads of collagen from a(n): ___ joint
Synarthrosis
A suture is a fibrous joint between two ___ bones
Skull
Bones joined together with cartilage between the ends of the bones from a(n): ____ joint
Synchondrosis
The pubic ____ is a cartilaginous joint in the anterior pelvis.
Symphysis
The most complex joints are ____. They display varying amounts of mobility
Diarthroses
The synovial joint with the highest degree of movement is called a _____ Joint
Ball & Socket joint
When two bones join together and fuse so that no visible separation occurs, it is referred to as a(n) ____ or bony joint
Synostosis
Bones that join together and are held in place with threads of collagen form a joint that is called a(n) ____
Synarthrosis
Bones joined together with cartilage between the ends of the bones form a joint called a(n) ____
Amphiarthrosis
The most complex joints are called ____. They display varying amounts of mobility
Synovial
What is a syndesmosis held together by?
Long collagen fibers
Identify the correct statement regarding the three types of sutures.
Lap sutures occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges
What is a cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage binds the bones together called?
Synchrondrosis
In a symphysis, bones are held together by which of the following?
Fibrocartilage
Choose the statement that correctly pairs the type of cartilaginous joint with its example.
The joint between the bodies of two vertebrae is an example of symphysis joint
Which of the following examples represent a bony joint, or synostosis?
An infant is born with right and left mandibular bones, but they soon fuse into a single bone
Which structure attaches a muscle to bone and helps stabilize a synovial joint?
Tendon
The opposing surfaces of bones connected via a synovial joint are covered with a thin layer of ___
Articular cartilage
Between the articular surfaces, a thin cavity is filled with ___ , which acts to lubricate the joint surface and nourish the tissues of the internal joint surface.
Synovial Joint
The ____ maintains the boundary of the joint and contains the synovial joint
Joint capsule
The outermost layer of the joint capsule is the ___ capsule, which is continuous with periosteum and provides support to the joint
Fibrous
The deeper portion of the capsule is the ____, which contains cells that synthesize the synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
An example of fibrocartilage that provides additional padding and stability to the joint is the ____ of the knee
Meniscus
Lying outside the confines of the joint capsule, but nonetheless critical to the support and movement of the synovial joints, are ____
Accessory structures
Muscles are anchored to bones by ___ , which are sheets of collagenous connective tissue
Tendons
Bone to bone connections are held together ___ , which are similar in structure to tendons
Ligaments
Sacs filled with synovial fluid that act as a cushion for muscles are called ___
Bursae
Fluid filled sacs around the joints are especially numerous in the hand, knee, and foot. Inflammation of these structures is called ___
Bursitis
Determine which option will result in the mechanical advantage of a lever being speed.
If LE, the length of the effort arm is (55mm) and LR, the length of the resistance arm, is (200mm)
Correctly identify the factor(s) that limit a joint's range of motion.
- Bones are joined by ligaments that limit their movement
- Well-exercised muscles of a shoulder joint will limit the possibility of a dislocation
- Joint movement is limited by the shapes of the bone's articular surfaces
- When extending the elbow, it is the shape of olecranon of the ulna and the olecranon fossa of the humerus that limit its range of motion
Symphyses replaced by synostoses:
Decreased spinal mobility
Syndesmoses replaced by synostoses:
Inability to pronate or supinate
Synostoses replaced by synchondroses:
Unfused os coxa resulting in separated ilia, pubis, and ischia in adulthood
Hinge replaced by condyloid:
Knee capable of adduction or abduction
Condyloid replaced by hinge:
Inability to abduct or adduct fingers
Synovial rib attachments replaced by syndesmoses:
Increase in respiratory difficulty
Sutures replaced by plane joints:
Decrease in nervous system protection
Ball & Socket replaced by hinge:
Increased stability of the shoulder
Gomphoses replaced by pivot:
Decreased tooth stability and resilience
One of the ways ___ joints can be classified is by their degree of freedom
Synovial
The axis of rotation passes through the bone in a direction ____ to the plane of movement
Perpindicular
A joint with only one degree of movement, moving only in one plane is called a ___ joint
Monoaxial
Biaxial joints can move through two ____ , or degrees of freedom
Planes
Some joints can move in more than two planes. These are called ____ joints
Multiaxial
What is movement of the foot upwards, as when walking on your heels, called?
Dorsiflexion
Decreasing the joint angle, as in bending the elbow or knee, is called ____
Flexion
Straightening a joint generally returns a body part to zero position - as in straightening the elbow or knee. This is called ____
Extension
Returning a body part from flexion t a point beyond zero position is called ___
Hyperextension
Movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body is called ___
Abduction
Returning a body part to zero position from an abducted position is called ___
Adduction
Closing the mouth is ___ of the mandible
Elevation
Opening the mouth is ____ of the mandible
Depression
Drawing the shoulders anteriorly, or protruding the mandible outward, is ____ of the scapulae or mandible
Protraction
Pulling the shoulders back, as in sticking out your chest, is ____ of the scapulae
Retraction
Making a conical motion with a limb, as in drawing a circle, is called _____
Circumduction
Twisting a bone along its longitudinal axis toward the midline of the body is ___
Medial rotation
Twisting a bone along its longitudinal axis away from the midline of the body is ____
Lateral rotation
Rotation of the forearm, as if you're turnng over a can to empty it, is called _____
Pronation
Movement of the thumb to approach and touch the fingertips called ___
Opposition
The ____ joint is an extremely complicated synovial joint due to its potential for multiaxial motion when flexed
Tibiofemoral
Increasing the depth of the articular surface of the knee, much like the labra of the shoulder and hip, are fibrocartilaginous extensions of the synovial membrane called ___
Menisci
Connecting the medial and lateral menisci across the center of the articular surface, the ___ ligament provides a strut against separation.
Transverse
Protecting the knee from medial displacement due to laterally applied forces, the ____ ligament is one of the two major extracapsular ligaments of the knee
Tibial collateral
Laterally bracing the lateral femoral condyle to the fibular head, the ____ ligament resists lateral separation of the knee due to medially applied forces
Fibular collateral
Spanning anteromedially from the lateral condyle of the femur, the ____ ligament attaches to the tibia anteriorly at the intercondylar eminence.
Anterior cruciate
The ____ ligaments resists posterior and lateral movement of the tibia. Its fibers originate superomedially on the femur and attach posterolaterally on the tibia
Posterior cruciate