Lamarck
giraffe
acquired trait
theory of use and disuse
lyell
principles of geology
earth changing slowly
theory of uniformity
malthus
human population reproduce faster than resources allow
checks- famine,war,disease
darwin
fossils resemble today's animals
descent with modification
adaptive radiation
natural selection
heritiable variation
overpopulation of offspring
competition
differential survival
differential reproductions
homologouse structures
same structure, function
common ancestor
morphological divergence
divergent evolution
change from common ancestor
stem reptile
analagous structure
similar function, dissimilar structure
no common ancestor
Morphological convergence
convergent evolution
different ancestors, similar function,
no common ancestor
vestigial structures
- reduce in size and function
hardy Weinberg equilibrium
large population
random mating
no allele mutation
no migration
no selection
genetic drift
chance events
non advantageous
bottleneck effect
population reduced by a disastor
change event
cline
gradual change along geographic axis
intersexual
female pick
intrasexual
male fight
balanced polymorphism
heterozygotes have benefits
directional selection
shift in favor of a trait
shift against the opposite trait
longer giraffe neck
stabilizing selectoin
shift in favor of medium
shift against extremes
disruptive selection
shift for extremes
shift against the medium
allopatric
geographic isolation
sympatric
same area
hybrid inviability
not healthy hibrid
hybrid breakdown
next generations bad
polyploid
extra set of chromosome
nondisjunction
autopolyploid
self fertilization
allopolyploid
2 species gametes fuse
punctuated equilibrium
rapid changes in bursts