Flexor Hallucis longus
flexes the great toe and exerts the foot
Fibularis brevis, fibularis longus
lateral compartment muscles that plantar flex and evert the foot
gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae
Abduct the thigh to take the “at ease” stance
gluteus maximus
used to extend the hip when climbing stairs
gastrocnemius, soleus
prime movers of plantar flexion of the foot
tibialis posterior
prime mover of inversion of the foot
tibialis anterior
prime mover of dorsiflexion of the foot
adductor group
Adduct the thigh as when standing at attention
extensor digitorum longus
extends the toes
biceps femoris, semimembranousus, semitendinous
extend thigh and flex knee
Rectus femoris
extends the knee and flexes thigh
What are the 4 muscles commonly used for intramuscluar injections?
Deltoid
vastus lateralis
gluteus medius
gluteus maximus
The insertion tendon of the __ group contains a large seasmoid bone, the patella
quadriceps
The tricep surae insert in common into the __ tendon
calcanal
The bulk of the tissue of a muscle tends to lie __ to the part of the body it causes to move
mediala proximal
The extrinsic muscles of the hand originate on the
forearm
Most flexor muscles are located on the __ aspect of the body
anterior
Most extensors are located__
posteria
An exception to this generalzation is the extensor-flexor musculature of the __
knee
Prime mover(agonist)
term for the bicep bracket during elbow flexion
synergist
term that describes relations of brachialis to biceps bracket during elbow flexion
Antagonist
term for triceps bracket during elbow flexion & term for iliopsoas during hip extension
Fixator
terms for the rotator cuff muscles and deltoid when the elbow is flexed and the hand grabs a tabletop to lift the table
What is the basic functional unit of a myofibril?
sacromere
Which structures moves toward the center of the sacromere when the fiber contracts?
z discs
Where would you find the largest amount of glycogen?
sacroplasm
The region where only myosin proteins are found
H zone
Sphincters
allow food to stomach
Functions of muscle tissue
motion, maintenance of posture, heat production, and storage
What do cardiac fibers do
contract and relax rapidly, continuously,and rhytmically(autorhythmicity)
Superficial fascia
connects skin to underlying muscle tissue.
Deep fascia
surrounds and suspends muscles and viscera
Aponeurosis
a sheet like tendon joining two muscles or muscle to bone
Myosin
thick
Actin
thin
Myofibrils
little threads running longitudinally and contain two types of smaller and shorter elements called myofilaments
there are thousands of tranverse tubules in each fiber why?
make sure the nerve impulse excites all parts of the cell at one time
What are transverse tubules
extensions of the sarcolemma into the muscle fiber
What are myofilaments that are arranged into compartments called
sarcomeres
what are sacromeres
Functional units of a myofibril
A band
Extends from one end to the other of the thick myofilaments and forms dark situations in skeletal muscle
I band
extends from the end of one thick filament to the beginning of the next and forms the light striations
Z line
is in the middle of each I band
H zone
within the center of the A band contains thick myofilaments but NO thin myofilaments
M line
compromised of supporting proteins which run down the middle of H zone and hold thick myofilaments together
the site where nerve and muscle meet is called what
neuromusclar junction (NMJ)
Initiation of muscle action potential excitation
nerve impulses arrives at the neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine molecules bind the receptors in motor end plate causing ion channels to open
the influx of cations causes the muscle action potential to travel over the sarcolemma
the calcium pumps then pumps calicum against the concentration gradient to the actin
Initiaiton of contraction cycle
the calcium ion binds to troponin causing troponin-tropomyosin complex to move away from mysoin binding sites
the calcium ions also cause the mitchondria to release ATPase
the enegized mysoin head attaches to the myosin-binding site on actin forming cross bridge
cross bridge rotates towards the center of the sarcomere
Mysoin heads
”walking” along the thin filaments progressively pulling thin filaments toward the M line
sliding filament mechanism
the action of the skeletal muscle shortening during contraction because the thick and thin filaments slide past one another
what are tropomysoin
regulatory proteins
Stationary is what
proximal and the origin
moveable is what
distal and the insertion
what does the bone serve as
levers
what does joints serve as
fulcrums
first class levers
EFL= effort, fulcrum, load
second class levers
FLE=Fulcrum, load, effort
third class levers
FEL=fulcrum, effort, load
in arm flexion the triceps bracket would be the ___ and the biceps brachii would be the __
Antagonist and agonist