The process by which food particles are changed into forms that can be used at a cellular level
Digestion
Sometimes referred to as the gastrointestinal tract
Alimentary canal
The 2 parts of the large intestine
colon and rectum
The 3 salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
Describe the mucosa layer
made up of epithelial, connective, and smooth muscle tissue that protects, secretes, and absorbs
The amount of saliva you produce daily
0.5 to 1.5 liters
The length of the digestive tract
20 to 25 feet
The segments of the digestive tract
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
The 4 layers of tissue in the wall of the GI tract
- Mucosa
- submucosa
- muscular layer
- serosa
The accessory organs of the digestive tract
Liver, stomach, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Describe the serosa layer
outermost layer of GI tract made up of epithelial and connective tissue that protects
Another name for the oral cavity
Buccal cavity
Enzymes from the pancreas that break down proteins
trypsin and chymotrypsin
Enzyme from the pancreas that breaks down nucleic acids
nuclease
Describe the submucosa layer
loose connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves that nourishes and transports
Enzyme from the pancreas that breaks down lipids
Pancreatic lipase
Describe the tongue
a thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed
The anterior portion of the roof of the mouth
Hard palate
The posterior portion of the roof of the mouth
soft palate
Describe the 3 stages of swallowing
- Voluntary stage where saliva is mixed with chewed food
- Swallowing begins and the swallowing reflex is triggered
- Peristalsis transports food in the esophagus to the stomach
A tube that runs from the mouth to the anus
gastrointestinal tract
Describe the muscularis layer
smooth muscle that moves contents of the GI tract.
The process of chewing
jaw, tongue, and cheek movements that mechanically break down food while mixing it with saliva
Formed by parietal cells in the stomach
hydrochloric acid
The cone-shaped projection that hangs from the soft palate
uvula
Functions of the liver
detoxifies blood, produces bile for digestion, metabolizes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, stores vitamins and minerals
The first set of teeth
primary (baby) teeth
Functions of the large intestine
- Absorbs water and electrolytes
- Secretes mucus
- Houses intestinal flora
- Forms feces
- Carries out defecation
The 3 parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
A hormone that stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice
Secretin and Cholecystokinin
The hardest substance in the body
Tooth enamel
Surrounds the pulp cavity
Dentin
The 2 types of secretory cells found in the mouth
serous and mucous cells
The 4 types of teeth
- incisors
- canines
- premolars
- molars
Enzyme that digests carbohydrates
amylase
The second set of teeth
permanent (adult) teeth
The 3 divisions of the pharynx
- naso (top)
- oro (middle)
- hypo (bottom)
The part of a tooth that projects above the gum
Crown
Anchors the tooth
Periodontal ligament
Contains blood vessels and nerves to nourish the tooth
dental pulp
The wave-like contraction of smooth muscle
peristalsis
The length of the esophagus
25 cm
The circular muscle at the end of the stomach
pyloric sphincter
Inner folds of the stomach
gastric folds
Finger-like projections found inside the small intestine
villi
The 3 types of secretory cells found in the stomach
parietal, chief, and mucous
The component of gastric juice that aids in the absorption of vitamin B12
Intrinsic factor
The component of gastric juice that splits proteins
Pepsin
This hormone triggers the release of gastric juice
Gastrin
This hormone triggers the reduction of gastric juice
Somatostatin
The 4 regions of the stomach
cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus
Mass of food that is swallowed
bolus
Digested food found in the stomach
chyme
Layered membrane that holds the intestines in place
mesentery
Sphincter muscle found at the end of the small intestine
ileocecal sphincter
Protrudes from the cecum
Appendix
The 4 parts of the colon
- ascending
- transverse
- descending
- sigmoid
Produces bile
liver
Stores bile
gallbladder
The 6 enzymes found in pancreatic juice
- Pancreatic amylase
- Pancreatic lipase
- Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and carboxypeptidase
- Nucleases
- Bicarbonate ions