Endocrine System Flashcards

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1

Hypothalamus

Effect

Controls Pituitary hormone levels

2

Pineal

Hormone Released: Melatonin

Effect: Regulates Sleep

3

Pituitary gland

Effect

Controls other endocrine glands and organs

4

Thyroid

Hormone released: Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin

Effect: Controls Cellular metabolism

decreases blood calcium

5

Parathyroid glands

Hormone released: parathyroid hormone

Effects:

6

Insulin

Lowers blood glucose by moving glucose into cells for energy

Storing glucose in the liver

7

Hypoglycemia

Low Blood Sugar

8

Symptoms of Hyperglycemia

Cool, clammy skin

Shakiness

Sweating

Irritability

Confusion

9

diabetic ketoacidosis,

the body breaks down fat → produces ketones

Ketones cause:

  • Fruity breath odor
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Deep, rapid breathing (Kussmaul respirations)

10

signs of diabetic ketoacidosis

  • Blood glucose 300–800 mg/dL
  • Hot, dry skin
  • Fruity breath
  • Deep rapid respirations
  • Dehydration

11

Hyperglycemia

high blood glucose

Anything above 126 mg/dL is considered elevated

12

Insulin glargine (Lantus)

is a long-acting insulin

  • No peak
  • Provides steady, baseline control for ~24 hours

13

When mixing insulin, always remember:

Mix Clear to Cloudy

14

Cushing syndrome

too much cortisol (hypersecretion)

Caused by overactive adrenal glands or excess steroids

15

Addison’s disease

too little cortisol (hyposecretion)

Specifically:

  • ↓ Cortisol
  • ↓ Aldosterone

16

Cushing syndrome (too much cortisol) causes:

  • Moon face (round, puffy face)
  • Buffalo hump
  • Weight gain in trunk
  • Thin arms/legs

17

Signs And symptoms of Addisons dieases

  • Hypotension
  • Dehydration
  • Weight loss
  • Hyperpigmentation (bronze skin)
  • Weakness & fatigue

18

Hypothyroidism

slowed metabolism, so everything slows down

19

Signs and symptoms of Hypothyroidism

  • Bradycardia (slow heart rate)
  • Weight gain
  • Cold intolerance
  • Fatigue
  • Constipation

20

Hyperthyroidism

increased metabolism, so everything speeds up

21

Signs and symptoms of Hyperthryroidism

  • Heat intolerance
  • Weight loss
  • Tachycardia (fast heart rate)
  • Nervousness, tremors

22

Adrenal

stress hormones (cortisol, epinephrine)

23

When blood sugar is low, the body released

glucagon

24

Diabetes insipidus

too little antidiuretic hormone

  • Massive urine output (polyuria)
  • Dehydration
  • Dilute urine

25

Hemoglobin A1C reflects average blood glucose over

3 months

26

Fasting blood glucose

single point in time (not long-term)

27

Type 1 diabetes

Little to no insulin

Leads to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

28

regular insulin is the only insulin that can be administered in what route?

Intravenously

29

Insulin lispro

rapid acting insulin

30

High sugar = 3 P’s

  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia
  • Polyphagia

31

Acromegaly

too much growth hormone in adulthood`

32

Cortex

  • long-term stress (cortisol)

33

Medulla

“middle = immediate response” (epinephrine)

34
  • Aldosterone (from the adrenal cortex) regulates
  • Sodium (Na⁺) → keeps it
  • Potassium (K⁺) → gets rid of it

35

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

36

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone

Symptoms:

  • You hold TOO MUCH water
  • You don’t pee much
  • Your blood gets watered down