lower respiratory system Flashcards

an extension of an upper respiratory infection involving the trachea. -inflammation of the bronchial tube.

-early symptoms are similar to those of the common cold, productive cough is the most common symptom

the tissue starts to produce more sputum that can cause obstruction (gunk) in the airway

caused by environmental pollutants, some medications, and interstitial lung diseases that scar the lungs.

-inhalation of irritants, smoking, radiation treatments to the chest

an inflammation of the pleura.

-pleurisy is sharp and abrupt in onset and is most evident on inspiration.

-pain causes shallow breathing

a collection of fluid in the pleural space

occurs when the fluid within the pleural cavity becomes infected and the exudate becomes thick and purulent

-collection of pus in pleural space

-usually caused by an infection which leads to the build up of pus

chronic respiratory disorder in which one or more bronchi are permanetly dilated

-thought to occur as a result of frequent infections in childhood

-genetic disease

-excessive mucous production: due to exocrine gland dysfunction & lung scars

History and physical

genetic testing

positive sweat test

treatment: agressive respiratory treatment and antibiotics

a combination of pulmonary emphysema and chronic bronchitis

IRREVERSIBLE

• alveolar damage
• narrowing of bronchioles
• loss of lung elasticity due to air tapping (loose the ability to stretch)

• inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
• hyper secretion of mucus in bronchi snd bronchioles

smoking and exposure to environmental irritants or air pollution

-clinical manifestations: productive cough, SOB, respiratory acidosis, hypoxemia ( low oxygen levels), wheezing, and difficulty with exhalation- use of pursed lip breathing

• chest x-ray
• pulmonary function tests- air may remain trapped in lungs
• pulse oximetry- typically less than 90% (late finding)
• ABG'S- respiratory acidosis( could be chronic)
• CT of chest

• monitor respiratory and cardiac status
• allow frequent rest periods
• administer oxygen therapy as ordered
• teach breathing and coughing technique's
• encourage oral fluids if not contraindicated
• encourage a high-calorie diet

chronic airway inflammation resulting in intermittent airflow obstruction of the bronchioles

allergens, viruses, occupational and environmental toxins, exercise, perfumes, genetics, obesity, and emotional stress

you will have increased mucous production and make it harder to breath

-if you don't hear wheezing anymore-thats bad! the bronchioles are so narrow it cut off air

want to teach them to breath in and out of their mouth, if they breath through the nose Scilla (nose hairs) can stop the particles from going in properly

does not respond to typical tretaments. runs a risk of cardiac arrest

• unrelieved asthma attacks
• often may result in intubation

if you seee bubbling , there may be a leak. you'll have to trouble shoot for an air leak.

• air leak- continuous rapid bubbling in water seal chamber
• if you dont see any movement in the water seal chamber you have to check for kinks or blockage

occurs when the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery- which carries blood from the heart to the subsequent failure of the right aide of the heart.. it can also can occur with chronic low oxygen levels due to conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

as this enlarges, it functions less and less

a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lung and the right side of the heart

- the blood vessels in the lungs are narrowed, blocked or destroyed

-the heart must work harder to pump blood through the lungs, the extra effort eventually causes the heart muscle to become weak and fall.

in some people, pulmonary hypertension slowly gets worse. it can be life-threatening. there's no cure for pulmonary hypertension

an abnormal collection of fluid in the interstitial space of the lung and inside the alveoli (air sacs)

-pink, frothy sputum (very specific assessment for PE

happens rapidly; becomes a medical emergency

-if non-cariogenic it maybe somewhere else

an acute lung injury that results from pulmonary changes that occur with sepsis, major trauma, major surgery or critical illness

-alveoli fill with fluid -respirations will be up

• humidification(thin out secretions)
• cough suppressions(with caution, can potentially make symptoms worse)
• bronchodialators
• nutrition and fluid balance
• rest
• antibiotics (only if bacterial)

an acute, highly infectious disease of the upper and lower respiratory tracts

COPD

pulmonary embolism

pheumothorax

empyema

asthmaticus

barrel chest and clubbing of fingers

chest tightness, respiratory distress without wheezing

tachypnea, chest pain-sharp pain on inspiration

orthopnea, fever &chills, diminished breath sounds

pink/ frothy sputum, crackles

high fowlers, recheck reading, airway support

remain calm, high fowlers

check for leaks, tubing kinks, lung sounds, how much fluid?

inhaler, deep breathing

oxygen , postion (high fowler)

promotes lung expansion (open airways)

increase pressure on the lungs

open up the airways, preventing ventilated- acquired pneumonia

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difficult to eat due to increased pressure on lungs, its hard to eat trying to breath &eat @ the same time.

body gets used to lower oxygen level

prevents airway collapse

why? airways becoming more constricted

movement of air can't happen (narrowing)

blood flow problem

ventilation

Perfusion

high fowlers, pursed lip breathing , recheck equipment

chest tube, postition- posterol drainage- allow the fluid to exit easier, incentive spirometer, administer diuretic