Cell Biology Exam #1 (Quiz 1 - Quiz 3) Flashcards

Which of the following are not considered to belong to the Archaea?

Who was the first person to describe living single cells?

What advantageous uses have viruses been shown to have?

Usually, a virus infects a cell and arrests the normal synthetic activities of the host, redirecting the cell to use its available materials to manufacture viral nucleic acids and proteins, which assemble into new viruses. Ultimately, the infected cell ruptures and releases a new generation of viral particles that can infect neighboring cells. This type of infection is called a(n) _________ infection.

The field of biological research in which biologists are attempting to create a living cell in the laboratory, essentially from scratch is known as __________. More modestly, this branch of biology also has a goal of developing novel life forms, beginning with existing organisms, that have a unique value in medicine, industry or in cleaning up the environment.

What factor or factors discovered with electron microscopy distinguished prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells?

The genetic material of a prokaryotic cell is present in a _________, a poorly demarcated region of the cell that lacks a boundary membrane to separate it from the surrounding cytoplasm.

Despite being correct about the first two tenets of the Cell Theory, Schleiden and Schwann made an error about another central feature of cells. What was their error?

You are conducting an experiment by trying to reproduce the work performed in 1891 by Hans Driesch, a German embryologist. You are working with a fertilized sea urchin egg and allow it to complete the first cell division after fertilization. You then carefully separate the two cells of the embryo and allow their development to continue. Based on Driesch's experiment, which result below would you expect to happen?

Which of the following is not a model organism?

Which of the following statements about viruses is not true?

What characteristics distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Viruses like adenovirus, which causes respiratory infections in mammals, have a 20-sided polyhedral capsid.  What is this polyhedral shape called?

Studies on mice suggest that bacterial species predominating in obese individuals differ from those in the digestive tracts of lean individuals and that they play a role in weight gain in obese individuals.  Guess what these bacteria in obese individuals may be doing that increases weight gain in obese individuals?

Which of the following are considered to be eukaryotes?

The first culture of human cells was begun by George and Martha Gey of Johns Hopkins University in 1951.  The cells were obtained from a malignant tumor and named ______ cells after the donor, _________.

The process by which a relatively unspecialized cell becomes highly specialized is called _______.

The genetic material of a prokaryotic cell is present in a _________, a poorly demarcated region of the cell that lacks a boundary membrane to separate it from the surrounding cytoplasm.

Who is generally credited with the discovery of cells?

What factor or factors discovered with electron microscopy distinguished prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells?

What characteristics distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Which of the following characteristics is(are) not a basic property of cells?

Cyanobacteria are obviously capable of photosynthesis, but many of them also convert nitrogen gas into reduced forms of nitrogen (such as ammonia) that can be used by cells in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing organic compounds, including amino acids and nucleotides. This process is called ______.

Despite being correct about the first two tenets of the Cell Theory, Schleiden and Schwann made an error about another central feature of cells. What was their error?

Bacteria will often pass a piece of DNA from a donor bacterial cell to a recipient bacterial cell presumably through a structure called a pilus. What is this process called?

The genetic material of a prokaryotic cell is present in a _________, a poorly demarcated region of the cell that lacks a boundary membrane to separate it from the surrounding cytoplasm.

Studies on mice suggest that bacterial species predominating in obese individuals differ from those in the digestive tracts of lean individuals and that they play a role in weight gain in obese individuals. Guess what these bacteria in obese individuals may be doing that increases weight gain in obese individuals?

Which of the following are considered to be eukaryotes?

The process by which a relatively unspecialized cell becomes highly specialized is called _______.

Which of the following is not typically a behavior exhibited by a cell with a proviral infection?

The most stable atoms and thus those that are typically nonreactive are the atoms that have _______.

What kind of organism reaches equilibrium?

Doubling the concentration of enzyme will ______ the V_max
and _____ the K_M.

Under which circumstances would electrons be most likely to be shared equally?

The most electronegative atoms typically present in biological molecules are ____ and ____.

Enzymes work by ___________.

What is the effect of a competitive inhibitor on an enzyme-mediated reaction?

What kind of interaction is not involved in the binding of a substrate to a normally functioning enzyme?

Under which circumstances would electrons be most likely to be shared equally?

Metabolic pathways that make available raw materials from which other molecules can be synthesized and that provide chemical energy required for many cell activities are known as ______.

Proteins are dynamic molecules that are capable of ________ motion that can have important functional relevance. The existence of this type of motion has suggested that enzymes are capable, even in the absence of substrate, of many of the same movements that can be detected during their catalytic cycle.

A release of hydrogen ions to a solution would most likely ____________.

The low-molecular-weight building blocks of polymers are called _______.

What is the effect of a competitive inhibitor on an enzyme-mediated reaction?

Why are free ionic bonds of little importance and relatively unlikely to form in living organisms?

Doubling the concentration of enzyme will ______ the V_max
and _____ the K_M.

Which of the following is a nucleotide?

What kind of bond results from an unequal sharing of electrons?

Which of the following is not a model organism?

Despite being correct about the first two tenets of the Cell Theory, Schleiden and Schwann made an error about another central feature of cells. What was their error?

Which of the following is not typically a behavior exhibited by a cell with a proviral infection?

The apical ends of intestinal cells face the intestinal channel and have long extensions that facilitate the absorption of nutrients. What is the name of these extensions and what cytoskeletal element forms their internal skeleton?

The first compound light microscopes were constructed by the end of the sixteenth century. What is a compound microscope?

Which of the following statements about viruses is NOT true?

Studies on mice suggest that bacterial species predominating in obese individuals differ from those in the digestive tracts of lean individuals and that they play a role in weight gain in obese individuals. Guess what these bacteria in obese individuals may be doing that increases weight gain in obese individuals?

Which of the following characteristics is(are) not a basic property of cells?

Cyanobacteria are obviously capable of photosynthesis, but many of them also convert nitrogen gas into reduced forms of nitrogen (such as ammonia) that can be used by cells in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing organic compounds, including amino acids and nucleotides. This process is called ______.

In some cases, an infecting virus does not lead to the death of the host cell, but instead integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell's chromosomes. Integration of the viral DNA can have different effects like exhibiting normal behavior until exposure to a stimulus that activates the dormant viral DNA, production of viral progeny that bud off of the infected cell or a loss of control over growth and division leading to malignancy. Such an infection is referred to as a(n) ______ infection.

Where are hydrophobic interactions most likely to occur?

Proteins are dynamic molecules that are capable of ________ motion that can have important functional relevance. The existence of this type of motion has suggested that enzymes are capable, even in the absence of substrate, of many of the same movements that can be detected during their catalytic cycle.

The most electronegative atoms typically present in biological molecules are ____ and ____.

A reaction involving the gain of one or more electrons is a(n) _________ reaction.

Which of the following is a nucleotide?

Which of the following is not a macromolecule formed by polymerization?

Under which circumstances would electrons be most likely to be shared equally?

What kind of noncovalent interaction is typified by interactions between two molecules that are so close together that they can experience weak attractive forces bonding them together?

Doubling the concentration of enzyme will ______ the V_max
and _____ the K_M.

How do amino acids like hydroxylysine and thyroxine, which are not among the 20 amino acids that are inserted into proteins, get into proteins?

The low-molecular-weight building blocks of polymers are called _______.

Given the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, which set of conditions would result in a reaction that is unambiguously nonspontaneous?

The presently accepted model of enzyme action was proposed by Daniel Koshland in the 1960s and suggested that the enzyme was a flexible structure with an active site roughly complementary to the substrate that binds it. After its initial interaction with the substrate, the enzyme alters its shape and thus improves the fit of the substrate in the active site). What is the name of this model?

Which property below is not a characteristic of enzymes?

How do amino acids like hydroxylysine and thyroxine, which are not among the 20 amino acids that are inserted into proteins, get into proteins?

What is the effect of a competitive inhibitor on an enzyme-mediated reaction?

The most stable atoms and thus those that are typically nonreactive are the atoms that have _______.

Which of the following is a nucleotide?

Doubling the concentration of enzyme will ______ the Vmax

and _____ the KM.

Why are free ionic bonds of little importance and relatively unlikely to form in living organisms?

What is caused by the inability of Na+ ion channels to open for several milliseconds after their inactivation?

Diffusion during which the substance to be transported binds selectively to a membrane-spanning protein, which helps the process along, is called ________.

Where in a myelinated axon are nearly all of the ion channels concentrated?

Why did liposomes not work against diseases as hoped when they were first tried?

A channel that opens in response to changes in ionic charge across a membrane is called a ________.

What kind of membrane protein is found entirely outside the bilayer on either the extracellular or cytoplasmic surface? These proteins are covalently linked to a membrane lipid situated within the bilayer.

Which proteins move the farthest during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis?

Which of the following is not a function of membranes?

Which of the following is not a potential biological role of the lipid asymmetry of the plasma membrane?

The ability, possessed by all organisms, to respond to external stimulation is known as _______.

Synaptic malfunction or dysfunction may cause which of the following diseases?

Where in a myelinated axon are nearly all of the ion channels concentrated?

Which of the following can be learned from a computer-based (computational) analysis of the amino acid sequence of a membrane protein, which can be readily deduced from the nucleotide sequence of its isolated gene?

Impulse propagation by a myelinated axon is called ________ conduction.

Which disease below is caused by the deterioration of the myelin sheath?

What kind of membrane protein penetrates into the hydrophobic part of the lipid bilayer?

Long-term potentiation is associated with NMDA receptors, one of several types of receptors that bind to the excitatory neurotransmitter _______. Its binding opens an internal cation channel within the receptor that allows _____ influx into the postsynaptic neuron, triggering a cascade of biochemical changes that lead to synaptic strengthening.

Which of the following is a function of membranes?

___________ is a process that strengthens certain synapses by repeated neuron stimulation over a short time period.

What kind of membrane protein penetrates into the hydrophobic part of the lipid bilayer?

A transport system that moves one solute into the cell and another one out of the cell during a single cycle accompanied by the expenditure of energy through ATP hydrolysis could be called a(n) _______  .

Why are the proteins being separated on an SDS polyacrylamide gel attracted equally to the positive electrode?

Integral membrane proteins have been engineered to lack the portion that normally projects into the extracellular space. When the gene is inserted in cells, what happens to the mobility of this protein in the membrane?

What causes the refractory period in sodium channels after an action potential has been initiated? The sodium channel cannot be restimulated during this period.

What happens to phospholipid mobility when the cell is treated with agents that disrupt the underlying membrane skeleton?

The sodium-potassium pump makes the cell interior more ______ by pumping ____ sodium ions out of the cell for every ____ potassium ions pumped in.

What kind of membrane protein penetrates into the hydrophobic part of the lipid bilayer?

What kind of membrane protein penetrates into the hydrophobic part of the lipid bilayer?

They are more gelated and highly ordered than the surrounding more fluid and disordered regions in artificial membranes that consist primarily of phosphoglycerides. They contain higher concentrations of sphingolipids and cholesterol and certain proteins become concentrated within them. What are they?

A channel that opens in response to the binding of a specific molecule, which is usually not the solute that passes through the channel is called a ________.

From what is the lipid-containing outer envelope surrounding the viral capsid of many animal viruses derived?

Glycolysis occurs in the _____, the Krebs (TCA) cycle occurs in the _____ of eukaryotes and the ______ of prokaryotes.

The energy stored in ATP is converted to mechanical energy that moves organelles around within the cell. This is an example of _______.

Proteins are often composed of two or more distinct modules that fold up independently of one another. They often represent parts of a protein that function in a semi-independent manner. These modules are called _______.

In a living organism, where are ionic bonds most likely to be found?

Which kind of bond results from an unequal sharing of electrons?

What property of membrane allows interactions to take place within the membrane, including the assembly of membrane protein clusters at particular sites and the formation of specialized structures?

What happens after a subthreshold depolarization?

Why are integral membrane proteins difficult to study?

______ trigger fusion of synaptic vesicles with the synaptic membranes of the presynaptic cell. This same stimulus also triggers ______.

Why are viruses not considered to be organisms and not described as being alive?

Which interaction is most important in enhancing the solubility of macromolecules in water?

Entropy is associated with the _______ movement of particles of matter, which, because they are_______, cannot accomplish a directed work process.

What kind of enzyme adds phosphate groups to enzymes for the purpose of activating or deactivating them?

A molecule that is capable of releasing or donating a hydrogen ion (H⁺) is termed a(n) _______.

Which site in a neuron receives incoming information from external sources?

You have fused a mouse cell and a human cell and then treated the cell with specific antibodies that are covalently linked to fluorescent dyes (antibodies to mouse proteins – green; antibodies to human proteins – red). What does the cell look like immediately after fusion?

A procedure in which the gene for an integral membrane protein is altered in such a way that the spatial relationships between some of the amino acids in the protein can be revealed is called ________.

As an action potential is initiated, the membrane is ______. This is caused by the ____ of ____ ions.

Which part of a neuron conducts impulses away from the cell body toward the target cell(s)?

How do Na+ ions enter a neuron when an action potential is initiated?

How is a nerve impulse usually transmitted across a synapse from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic cell?

What word describes a molecule that contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions?

How was the asymmetry of membrane lipids discovered?

Enzymes that move certain phospholipids between leaflets have also which of the following properties?

The temperature at which a lipid bilayer shifts from a fluid state to a crystalline gel is called the ________.

When membrane lipids are extracted from cells and used to prepare artificial lipid bilayers, cholesterol and sphingolipids tend to self-assemble into _____ that are more gelated and highly ordered than surrounding regions consisting primarily of ________.

You modify the gene for an integral membrane protein so that the cytoplasmic portions of the protein are deleted. When the gene is inserted in cells, what happens to the mobility of this protein in the membrane?

_____________ is a process that strengthens certain synapses by repeated neuron stimulation over a short time period.