A major source of money that fueled U.S. industrial growth in the late 1800s came from
private foreign investors
The federal government supported transcontinental railroad construction by giving companies
land grants and loans
The only transcontinental railroad built without government assistance was the
Great Northern
The most important economic impact of the transcontinental railroad system was that it
created a unified national market
The single most important force behind post–Civil War industrial growth was
the railroad system
The U.S. adopted standard time zones when
railroads agreed on uniform time to keep schedules and prevent accidents
Which was NOT essential to the modern railroad system?
The caboose
The two industries most expanded by railroad growth were
mining and agriculture
Railroad agreements to divide customers and profits were called
pools
Which was NOT a common corrupt practice of railroad tycoons?
Forcing workers to buy company stock
In Wabash v. Illinois, the Court ruled states could not regulate railroads because
they were interstate businesses
The earliest efforts to regulate railroad monopolies came from
state governments
The first federal regulatory agency created to oversee big business was the
Interstate Commerce Commission
Countries that invested the most foreign capital in U.S. industry included
Britain, France, and the Netherlands
European investors usually
let Americans manage companies unless profits declined
The most important source of a key raw material for early industrial growth was the
Mesabi iron range of Minnesota
Which was NOT a major raw material driving early U.S. industrialization?
Rubber
A nationwide market encouraged Americans to favor
mass production of standardized goods
Interchangeable parts encouraged capitalists to
replace skilled workers with machines
Industrial leaders invented machines mainly to
replace expensive skilled labor with cheaper workers
Two inventions that expanded women’s employment were the
typewriter and telephone
Which invention was NOT associated with Thomas Edison?
Electric dynamo
One way post–Civil War business leaders increased profits was by
eliminating competition
Carnegie’s vertical integration involved
controlling all stages of production in one company
Rockefeller’s horizontal integration involved
forcing competitors to give stock to Standard Oil
The steel industry advanced largely because of
Henry Bessemer
Morgan’s tactic of placing bank officials on company boards was called
interlocking directorates
America’s first billion-dollar corporation was
U.S. Steel
The oil industry’s first major product was
kerosene
Oil became a huge industry because of
the internal combustion engine
Which tactic was NOT used by Rockefeller?
using federal agents to destroy competitors
Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth” argued
the rich had a moral duty to use wealth responsibly
Social Darwinists relied most on
laissez-faire economists like Malthus and Ricardo
Supporters of “survival of the fittest” believed
the wealthy deserved their riches
Courts used the Fourteenth Amendment to
shield corporations from state regulation
The amendment most useful to corporations was the
Fourteenth Amendment
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act outlawed
combinations in restraint of trade
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was first used mainly against
labor unions
During industrialization, the South
remained rural and agricultural
The South’s main attraction for investors was
cheap labor
Tax incentives especially attracted
this type of manufacturing to the New South: textiles
James Duke’s southern monopoly produced
cigarettes
Textile mill work was often seen as
the only steady employment available
Which statement about southern textile mills is NOT true?
Rural Blacks and whites got high-quality jobs
One major change industrialization caused was
adjusting life to the factory time clock
The group most affected by industrialization was
women
Industrial workers were vulnerable to all EXCEPT
new educational requirements
The “Gibson Girl” represented
the independent and athletic new woman
Most women worked in the 1890s because of
economic necessity
Women entered industry mainly due to
inventions like the typewriter and telephone
Child labor reform gained support through
photography
Which is least like the others?
Closed shop
Late 1800s Supreme Court decisions generally favored
corporations
The National Labor Union won
an eight-hour day for government workers
Which group was excluded from the Knights of Labor?
Nonproducers
The Knights believed labor conflict would end when
workers owned businesses
The Knights believed republican ideals could be preserved by
strengthening worker independence
A major reason the Knights of Labor failed was
lack of class consciousness
The most successful post–Civil War labor union was
the American Federation of Labor
Even as labor gained support,
employers continued to resist unions
Critics of captains of industry argued they
exploited workers
Class protest was weak in the U.S. because
America had greater social mobility than Europe
Which did NOT contribute to post–Civil War industrial expansion?
Immigration restrictions