Within the urinary system, the storage reflex involves
contraction of both the detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter.
contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter.
relaxation of both the detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter.
relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter.
Which class of nephron is crucially important in establishing a salt concentration gradient in the kidney so that urine concentration can be regulated?
Intercalated nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Adrenal nephrons
Cortical nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Where are the pyramids located within the kidney?
Renal cortex
Renal sinus
Renal pelvis
Renal medulla
Renal papilla
Renal medulla
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of
blood in the nephron capsule.
tubular fluid in the glomerular capsule.
blood in the glomerular capillaries.
filtrate in the glomerular capillaries.
solutes in the tubular fluid.
blood in the glomerular capillaries.
The normal pH for urine
is anything below 7.0.
is anything above 7.0
ranges between 4.5 and 8.0.
ranges between 3.0 and 6.0.
ranges between 8.0 and 9.0 for someone with a diet high in protein.
ranges between 4.5 and 8.0.
The units for measurement of glomerular filtration rate are
mm Hg.
mm Hg per minute.
liters.
liters per minute.
liters per minute.
The proximal convoluted tubule is lined with a
cuboidal epithelium with a large surface area.
simple columnar epithelium with a slick smooth surface.
stratified squamous epithelium with a large surface area.
stratified squamous epithelium with a tough, durable surface.
simple squamous endothelium that makes a slick surface.
cuboidal epithelium with a large surface area.
The thick tangle of capillary loops found within a corpuscle is known as the
Bowman.
convoluted capillary bed.
glomerular capsule.
glomerulus.
nephron.
glomerulus.
Which layer is not found in the wall of the urinary bladder?
Adventitia
Muscularis
Mucosa
Submucosa
No exceptions; all layers are found in the wall of the urinary bladder
No exceptions; all layers are found in the wall of the urinary bladder
Macula densa cells monitor the concentration of
glucose in the blood.
antidiuretic hormone in the urine.
sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.
calcium in the fluid of the proximal convoluted tubule.
aldosterone in the afferent arteriole.
sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.
From innermost to outermost, the protective layers on the kidney are the
fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.
renal corpuscle, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.
renal fascia, paranephric fat, renal corpuscle, perinephric fat.
renal fascia, perinephric fat, fibrous capsule, paranephric fat.
fibrous capsule, paranephric fat, renal fascia, perinephric fat.
fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.
The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism responds to an increase in
systemic blood pressure by signaling for a decrease in heart rate through blood-borne hormones.
urine production by signaling for a decrease in urine production through the hormone ADH.
NaCl concentration in tubular fluid by signaling for afferent arteriole constriction with local chemical messengers.
glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure by signaling for afferent arterioles to constrict and increase filtration rate.
NaCl concentration in tubular fluid by signaling for afferent arteriole constriction with local chemical messengers.
The hormone ANP is released from the heart and causes the urinary system to
increase urine volume and blood volume.
increase urine volume and decrease blood volume.
decrease urine volume and blood volume.
decrease urine volume and increase blood volume.
increase urine volume and decrease blood volume.
The muscularis layer of the urinary bladder is commonly called the_________ muscle.
detrusor
trigone
extrusor
extrinsic
detrusor
The countercurrent multiplier is a system by which the
nephron loop multiplies the concentration of salts in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla.
nephron loop dilutes the concentration of solutes in the tubular fluid at its hairpin turn.
vasa recta secretes multiple amounts of metabolic wastes against their concentration gradient.
vasa recta becomes more concentrated with nitrogenous wastes than the urine.
nephron loop multiplies the concentration of salts in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla.
Blood colloid osmotic pressure opposes glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
True
False
True
Mesangial cells help keep the basement membrane clean by
secreting emulsifying agents that dissolve trapped particles.
engulfing macromolecules caught in its basement membrane.
opening larger pores in the membrane so that trapped particles move accross.
secreting antibodies that attack the molecules caught in the endothelium.
engulfing macromolecules caught in its basement membrane.
Individuals can voluntarily empty their bladder by contracting their abdominal muscles as part of the Valsalva maneuver.
True
False
true
The external urethral sphincter is voluntarily controlled.
True
False
True
The pattern of venous drainage in the kidney differs from the arterial supply in that there are no arcuate or segmental veins.
True
False
False