kidneys
eliminate nitrogenous waste, water electrolytes, toxins and drugs
location of kidneys
the retroperitoneal space- posterior wall of abdominal cavity
Nephron
the functional unit or the urine making unit of the kidney
nephrons contain two parts
- renel tubule
- blood vessels
the loop of henle contains what?
a descending and ascending limb
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
the rate at which glomerular filtration occurs
Most reabsorption occurs where?
the proximal convoluted tubule
Sodium
actively transported
water and chloride
PASSIVELY follow sodium
hormone control of water & electrolytes
play an important role In regulation of BP, blood volume and electrolyte composition of body fluids
tubular reabsorption
most of the filtration is reabsorbed in the kidney and returned to the circulation
Aldosterone
secreted by the adrenal cortex
antidiuretic hormone
hormone that affects water reabsorption
atrial natriuretic peptide
secreted by the walls of the atria in response to an increase in the volume of blood
parathyroid hormone
*secreted by parathyroid glands
plays an important role in the regulation of 2 electrolytes, calcium and phosphate
urine
formed by breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver
specific gravity
1.001 to 1.035
the urinary tract is comprised of
- inner layer is a mucous membrane
- middle layer is a smooth muscle
- outer layer is connective tissue
ureters
slender muscular tubes that propel urine by peristalsis and gravity
trigone
a triangular area of the bladder which forms as the entrance point smooth muscle that contracts involuntarily to prevent emptying
urinary retention
inability to empty bladder
urethral meatus
the opening of the urethra to the outside
intracellular
water located in all cells of the body
extracellular
water located between the cells
excessive fluid in blood causes heart failure creates what?
hyperemia and cyanosis
sodium
necessary for nerve impulse conduction and body fluid balance
potassium
plays role in nerve impulse conduction
calcium
necessary for bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission and blood clotting
to many hydrogen ion
causes seizures.
buffers
a chemical substance that prevents large changes in PH
compensatory function refers to
the respiratory system and the renal systems ability to correct pH imbalance
the respiratory system and the renal system
can both cause and correct an acid-base imbalance
reproductive system preforms two functions
- produces, nurtures, and transports ova and sperm
- secretes hormones
cryptorchidism
failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum, can result in sterility
meiosis
reduces the number of chromosomes by one half, a sperm will only have 23 chromosomes
prostate gland
single gland, donut-like, encircles the upper urethra just below the bladder
external genitals
consists of the scrotum and the penis
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
promotes spermatogenesis
luteinizing hormone (LH)
promotes development of interstitial cells and the secretion of testosterone
female reproductive system functions
- produce eggs
- secretes hormones
- nurtures and protects a developing baby during 9 months of pregnancy
estrogen
- promotes the maturation of the egg
- helps to develop the secondary sex characteristics
- gives the female the feminizing effects
progesterone
- works with estrogen in the establishing the menstrual cycle
- helping maintain pregnancy
- prepares the breast for milk production after pregnancy
fundus
upper dome shaped region above the entrance to the fallopian tubes
body
central region
cervex
lower narrow region that opens into the vagina
uterus has three layers
- epimentrium- outer serosal layer
- myometrium- middle, smooth, muscular layer
- endometrium- inner layer, composed of two layers