Global Health, FINAL Flashcards

List 3 strategies that Maldives used to achieve their goal of eliminating LF.

Adult schistosomes live _______________________.

An immune response to schistosome eggs cause most of the morbidity associated with schistosomiasis; adult worms don’t cause much damage.

Schistosomiasis can be contracted by ______________________.

How do schistosome eggs enter the environment?

The following play a role in the transmission of schistosomiasis: (choose all that apply).

Schistosomiasis can affect infants and children as well as people in every other life stage.

In an endemic location, swimming in water that’s contaminated with human waste is a risk factor for schistosomiasis.

MDA is a major control strategy for both schistosomiasis and LF.

Improved access to water and sanitation infrastructure are important prerequisites to help reduce the burden of schistosomiasis.

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) cases occur in multiple countries, including those in Asia, Africa, and South America.

The following play a role in the transmission of LF: (choose all that apply).

Highly visible symptoms of LF mainly occur due to: (choose the single best response)

Even without external LF symptoms, there may still be damage to lymphatic vessels and kidneys, and also changes to the immune system, even in children.

In the obstructive phase of LF, elephantoid organs develop and the disease is often highly visible.

LF may be accompanied by feelings of shame, fear, and embarrassment and may result in social exclusion.

The GPELF called for elimination of LF by the year 2020, but that target was not met. The new proposed target is __________.

For LF, the drugs that would be used for MDA vary based on other parasites that are endemic in a particular location.

The GPELF calls for: (choose the single best response)

Morbidity associated with LF can include hydrocele and swelling of the legs and breasts.

_________________ is the main parasite associated with female genital schistosomiasis.

Schistosomiasis is now known to be associated with increased risk of transmitting and contracting HIV.

Scientists currently think there is a high likelihood that schistosomiasis may contribute to an increased risk of some cancers, such as bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, and liver cancer.

FGS can affect the following parts of a person’s anatomy (choose all that apply):

At a population scale, FGS is somewhat difficult to detect because of limitations of equipment, personal, and the lack of an accepted and standardized definition.

A __________________ causes trachoma.

The microbe that causes trachoma is called ________________________

Briefly describe the SAFE strategy.

A large proportion of cardiac deaths among young adults in Latin America are due to Chagas’ disease.

There is a vaccine currently in use for Chagas’ disease.

Chagas’ disease is mainly transmitted by a____________________.

When Chagas’ disease is transmitted, the vector injects saliva that carries the parasite.

Sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets at night can help protect against malaria, but bednets don’t help address Chagas’ disease.

Most people infected with Trypanosoma cruzi will eventually die from the disease.

For Chagas’ disease, experts believe that vector control is one key aspect of the strategy to address Chagas’ disease in Latin America.

One effective strategy to prevent transmission of Chagas’ disease is through screening blood and organs that are being donated.

It’s possible to diagnose and treat people for Chagas’ disease during pregnancy.

Since vertical/congenital transmission is impossible for the organism that causes Chagas’ disease, screening babies is unnecessary.

Trachoma is endemic in countries in Africa, Central America, South America, Asia, and the Middle East, and it's also present in Australia.

With trachoma, the eyelashes may touch the eyeball and scratch it if scar tissue develops on the interior of the eyelid

Due to biological differences, women are about 4 times as likely as men to be blinded by trachoma.

What is the leading cause of blindness worldwide from an infectious agent?

Two drugs (Benznidazole and Nifurtimox) to treat Chagas’ disease have been used for decades because both are safe and effective, but it would be ideal to develop new drugs in case of drug resistance in the future.

For advanced Chagas' disease, there is currently a recommendation to not offer treatment.

The word “malnutrition” includes the following:

The following are commonly measured using standardized growth charts:

The “first 1000 days” refers to the time between when a child is born until shortly before their 3^rd birthday.

The new (2021) Lancet series of papers referred to in this unit on “Maternal and Child Malnutrition” categorized nutrition interventions as follows: (choose all that apply

“Stunting” refers to: (choose the single best response)

“Wasting” refers to: (choose the single best response)

Stunting tends to occur most at the following time: (choose the single best answer)

Wasting at birth and wasting in the first 3 months of life are relatively prevalent in LMICs.

Between 2000 and 2015, stunting has _________________ in LMICs. (choose the single best response)

Stunting is generally more prevalent in LICs than in MICs

Zinc supplements should be given when a child has diarrhea.

Evidence strongly shows that adequate birth spacing can help improve the nutrition status of children.

Low iron intake and low intake of Vitamin B-12 can both causes forms of anemia.

Foods that contain high amounts of essential micronutrients such as iron, Vitamin B-12, Vitamin A, and iodine are often expensive, perishable (they spoil easily and quickly), and require refrigeration.

Iodized salt has been an enormously beneficial program, as well as being very cost-effective.

Stunting can prevent people from achieving their full mental and physical potential.

Geographically, ______________ is the global region most heavily impacted by stunting and wasting, as of approximately 2015.

In comparison with other low-income countries, India has a much higher prevalence of wasting.

As of 2021, only high-income countries are expected to fully meet the 10 nutrition targets set by the 2012 World Health Assembly.

There is currently strong evidence to suggest that promotion of breastfeeding is a positive way to improve child nutrition.

One general trend we’ve seen with global data on malnutrition is that we don’t yet have enough information about the nutrition of school-aged children (kids over 5 years) and adolescents.

We have good evidence to recommend the following strategies to improve maternal and/or child nutrition

Iron-deficiency anemia can be caused by the following:

Ischemia refers to

The following are known risk factors for a heart attack (choose all that are correct):

Stroke occurs when there is an interruption to or reduction in the blood supply to part of the brain.

The following can be signs of a stroke

Diabetes is a metabolic disease; it might be due to problems with insulin secretion, problems with insulin action, or possibly both.

There are more than two types of diabetes: Type I and Type II cause most of the cases, and then there are other, rarer forms.

About 85-95% of diabetes cases are Type I diabetes.

Blindness and kidney failure are two negative health outcomes associated with diabetes.

In the video about diabetes in Kenya, Samuel talked about how a new health insurance plan has made it possible for him to have regular access to insulin.

In the video on breast cancer statistics with Hans Rosling, he talked about how lower rates of breast cancer in LMICs are also accompanied by lower death rates from breast cancer.

The review article by Ezzati et al. (2018) sought to evaluate some of the potential reasons that NCDs vary by region; the authors looked at genetic factors, differences in nutrition, infectious diseases, healthcare access, and poverty, among other factors.

In general, populations in LMICs tend to be younger than populations in high-income countries, which partly explains why NCD death rates are lower in LMICs when they are not adjusted for age.

Ezzati et al. (2018) adjusted for age and after doing so, they showed that NCDs tend to have higher death rates in tropical LMICs than they do in high-income Western countries.

Ezzati et al. (2018) showed that cancer death rates vary by region of the world; this is partly due to differences in cancer incidence and survival, as well as to widespread differences in risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol, diet, infections, etc.

Some types of cancer, such as cervical cancer, stomach cancer, and liver cancer, have their origins in infectious agents.

Environmental improvements such as water, sanitation, electrification, and refrigeration are needed to partially address the burden of cancer in tropical LMICs.

Ezzati et al. (2018) said that genetics do not account for the broad differences in NCD risk across regions, and that social and environmental determinants of health must be studied to truly understand risk factors.

Studies reviewed by Ezzati et al. (2018) show that fetal, childhood, and adolescent environmental and nutritional factors all influence the risk of NCDs.

Some NCDs are high in LMICs and tend to decline with increasing wealth; this is the opposite of what’s predicted by a simpler epidemiological transition model.

The relationship between infections and NCDs is unidirectional, meaning that infections can influence the risk of NCDs, but NCDs don’t influence the risk of infectious disease.

Ezzati et al. (2018) presented a list of more than 15 ways to effectively intervene and address NCDs in LMICs.

ARIs can refer to infections of both the upper and lower airways.

Children in LMICs average 3 to 6 episodes of ARIs per year, but for children in high-income countries, the number of episodes is closer to 1 to 2 ARIs per year.

The case-fatality rate for LRIs is higher for children who live in low-income areas compared with children who live in high-income areas

Most URIs are viral in nature, and most are self-limiting, but complications can be serious.

Two common LRIs that affect children are pneumonia and bronchiolitis.

For children, pneumonia may be caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal agent, and it’s often difficult for clinicians to determine the true cause.

It’s not possible for children to have mixed pneumonia infections where both viruses and bacteria are involved.

Bronchiolitis mainly affects people during the first year of life.

While early diagnosis and treatment of ARIs can be useful when collecting data for a research study, these actions do not generally improve outcomes for children.

The following are recommended for children to help address ARIs: (choose all that apply)

Vaccines can be given to most children in LMICs for the following:

The following can be used to prevent diarrheal disease in children: (choose all that apply)

Oral rehydration solution is occasionally used to address morbidity from diarrheal disease, but IV fluids are often a better choice.

For mothers who are nursing babies, breastfeeding should stop while a child has diarrheal disease because breastmilk is somewhat difficult for children to digest.

An ACE is an adverse childhood experience and includes a variety of traumatic experiences such as physical and sexual abuse and neglect, among others.

ACEs that remain unaddressed can cause serious long-term health outcomes later in life.

The worldwide prevalence of hookworm is around____________________ people.

Adult hookworms live __________ years if a person remains untreated.

The following morbidity is/are associated with hookworm infection: (choose all that apply)

Some appropriate control strategies for hookworm include the following: (choose all that apply)

ACEs are associated with additional health complications such as depression, anxiety, immune system dysfunction, and hormonal changes.

ACEs affect brain structure and function.

ACEs alter how DNA is transcribed within the body.

Dr. Nadine Burke Harris argues for early and aggressive screening and treatment of ACEs.

Dr. Nadine Burke Harris argues that ACEs mainly affect marginalized populations, which is the reason that it's been somewhat difficult to draw needed attention to this issue.

The main difference between “intentional injuries” and “unintentional injuries” is the idea of predetermined/premeditated intent.

What did the government of Ghana do to inexpensively address a heavy burden of fatalities from speeding? (choose the single best response)

What did Taiwan do to substantially decrease fatalities from motor vehicle accidents? (choose the single best response)

The following are among the main categories of UIs studied by Vecino-Ortiz et al. (2018) (choose all that apply):

Vecino-Ortiz et al. (2018) performed primary data collection in order to draw conclusions in their study.

According to Vecino-Ortiz et al. (2018), there is an evidence-base to support the following to reduce UIs (choose all that apply):

In one study, a comprehensive motorcycle helmet policy in Vietnam resulted in an RR of 0.54 with respect to head injuries. The following is a correct interpretation of these findings:

The sanitation-related SDG for 2030 calls for access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all people, and an end to open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations.

According to a UN report from 2018, only about 40% of the global population has access to safely managed sanitation facilities.

“Basic sanitation” is defined as an improved sanitation option that is not shared with people outside of the household.

The following are considered improved sanitation options, according to the World Health Organization: (choose all that apply)

Open defecation means that human excreta is deposited in the environment or in open spaces, such as with solid waste (trash).

Shared sanitation facilities are those toilet facilities that are otherwise acceptable improved sanitation facilities, but they are shared between two or more households.

Unimproved sanitation fails to hygienically separate human excreta from human contact.

“Hygiene” is a term that refers to the following behaviors: (choose all that apply)

Hand washing with soap is able to reduce an array of infectious diseases, including diarrheal disease and intestinal infections.

The following are true about the hand washing literature: (choose all that apply)

A female-friendly toilet has the following features: (choose all that apply)

What does the period emoji look like?