Global Health, FINAL Flashcards

List 3 strategies that Maldives used to achieve their goal of eliminating LF.

Adult schistosomes live _______________________.

An immune response to schistosome eggs cause most of the morbidity associated with schistosomiasis; adult worms don’t cause much damage.

Schistosomiasis can be contracted by ______________________.

How do schistosome eggs enter the environment?

The following play a role in the transmission of schistosomiasis: (choose all that apply).

Schistosomiasis can affect infants and children as well as people in every other life stage.

In an endemic location, swimming in water that’s contaminated with human waste is a risk factor for schistosomiasis.

MDA is a major control strategy for both schistosomiasis and LF.

Improved access to water and sanitation infrastructure are important prerequisites to help reduce the burden of schistosomiasis.

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) cases occur in multiple countries, including those in Asia, Africa, and South America.

The following play a role in the transmission of LF: (choose all that apply).

Highly visible symptoms of LF mainly occur due to: (choose the single best response)

Even without external LF symptoms, there may still be damage to lymphatic vessels and kidneys, and also changes to the immune system, even in children.

In the obstructive phase of LF, elephantoid organs develop and the disease is often highly visible.

LF may be accompanied by feelings of shame, fear, and embarrassment and may result in social exclusion.

The GPELF called for elimination of LF by the year 2020, but that target was not met. The new proposed target is __________.

For LF, the drugs that would be used for MDA vary based on other parasites that are endemic in a particular location.

The GPELF calls for: (choose the single best response)

Morbidity associated with LF can include hydrocele and swelling of the legs and breasts.

_________________ is the main parasite associated with female genital schistosomiasis.

Schistosomiasis is now known to be associated with increased risk of transmitting and contracting HIV.

Scientists currently think there is a high likelihood that schistosomiasis may contribute to an increased risk of some cancers, such as bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, and liver cancer.

FGS can affect the following parts of a person’s anatomy (choose all that apply):

At a population scale, FGS is somewhat difficult to detect because of limitations of equipment, personal, and the lack of an accepted and standardized definition.

A __________________ causes trachoma.

he microbe that causes trachoma is called ________________________

Briefly describe the SAFE strategy.

A large proportion of cardiac deaths among young adults in Latin America are due to Chagas’ disease.

There is a vaccine currently in use for Chagas’ disease.

Chagas’ disease is mainly transmitted by a____________________.

When Chagas’ disease is transmitted, the vector injects saliva that carries the parasite.

Sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets at night can help protect against malaria, but bednets don’t help address Chagas’ disease.

Most people infected with Trypanosoma cruzi will eventually die from the disease.

For Chagas’ disease, experts believe that vector control is one key aspect of the strategy to address Chagas’ disease in Latin America.

One effective strategy to prevent transmission of Chagas’ disease is through screening blood and organs that are being donated.

It’s possible to diagnose and treat people for Chagas’ disease during pregnancy.

Since vertical/congenital transmission is impossible for the organism that causes Chagas’ disease, screening babies is unnecessary.

Trachoma is endemic in countries in Africa, Central America, South America, Asia, and the Middle East, and it's also present in Australia.

With trachoma, the eyelashes may touch the eyeball and scratch it if scar tissue develops on the interior of the eyelid

Due to biological differences, women are about 4 times as likely as men to be blinded by trachoma.

What is the leading cause of blindness worldwide from an infectious agent?

Two drugs (Benznidazole and Nifurtimox) to treat Chagas’ disease have been used for decades because both are safe and effective, but it would be ideal to develop new drugs in case of drug resistance in the future.

For advanced Chagas' disease, there is currently a recommendation to not offer treatment.

The word “malnutrition” includes the following:

The following are commonly measured using standardized growth charts:

The “first 1000 days” refers to the time between when a child is born until shortly before their 3^rd birthday.

The new (2021) Lancet series of papers referred to in this unit on “Maternal and Child Malnutrition” categorized nutrition interventions as follows: (choose all that apply

“Stunting” refers to: (choose the single best response)

“Wasting” refers to: (choose the single best response)

Stunting tends to occur most at the following time: (choose the single best answer)

Wasting at birth and wasting in the first 3 months of life are relatively prevalent in LMICs.

Between 2000 and 2015, stunting has _________________ in LMICs. (choose the single best response)

Stunting is generally more prevalent in LICs than in MICs

Zinc supplements should be given when a child has diarrhea.

Evidence strongly shows that adequate birth spacing can help improve the nutrition status of children.

Low iron intake and low intake of Vitamin B-12 can both causes forms of anemia.

Foods that contain high amounts of essential micronutrients such as iron, Vitamin B-12, Vitamin A, and iodine are often expensive, perishable (they spoil easily and quickly), and require refrigeration.

Iodized salt has been an enormously beneficial program, as well as being very cost-effective.

Stunting can prevent people from achieving their full mental and physical potential.

Geographically, ______________ is the global region most heavily impacted by stunting and wasting, as of approximately 2015.

In comparison with other low-income countries, India has a much higher prevalence of wasting.

As of 2021, only high-income countries are expected to fully meet the 10 nutrition targets set by the 2012 World Health Assembly.

There is currently strong evidence to suggest that promotion of breastfeeding is a positive way to improve child nutrition.

One general trend we’ve seen with global data on malnutrition is that we don’t yet have enough information about the nutrition of school-aged children (kids over 5 years) and adolescents.

We have good evidence to recommend the following strategies to improve maternal and/or child nutrition

Iron-deficiency anemia can be caused by the following: