Tissue
groups of cells that are similar to each other in structure and function
four major types of tissues
epithelial , connective, nervous, muscular
epithelial tissues
helps form skin and covers the entire outter surface
histology
the study of tissues
epithelial tissue
forms large continuous sheets
Epithelial tissue is primarily concerned with
protection, absorption, filtration, secretion
Epithelial is abundant where?
digestive tract
epithelial tissues
forms glands that secrete a variety of hormones
epithelial tissue
avascular has no blood supply
epithelial tissue
Nourished from blood supply from underlying connective tissue is able to repair and regenerate quickly
epithelial tissue has 3 shapes
squamous, cuboidal , columnar
squamous epithelium
cells are flat like
cuboidal epithelium
They are cubed like
columnar epithelium
cells are tall and narrowed
epithelial cells
arrange in layers
simple epithelium
one layer
stratified epithelium
two or more layers
Simple epithelia
concerned primarily with the movement or transport of various substances across the membrane from one compartment to another
Simple epithelia
found where substances move by rapid diffusions
simple squamous epithelium
single layer with an underlying basement membrane
Simple Squamous Epithelium
found in the walls of capillaries-(the smallest blood vessels)
Simple Squamous epithelium
is found in the walls of the alveoli (air sacs of lungs) The tissue allows rapid diffusion of oxygen from alveoli into blood
What is special about the endocrine glands since they are ductless?
Because endocrine glands are ductless, hormones are secreted directly into the blood and blood carries the hormone to the site of action
Endocrine glands
secretes hormones, such as insulin
Does endocrine glands have ducts?
No they are ductless glands
what is an example of exocrine secretions doing its job?
Sweat flows from the sweat glands through the ducts onto the surface of skin for evaporation.
What do the exocrine secretions include?
They include, mucous, sweat, saliva, and digestive enzymes.
what do the exocrine ducts do?
The ducts carry the secretions outside the body
Exocrine glands
contains ducts or tiny tubes in which the exocrine secretions are released before reaching the body surfaces or the body cavities
What are the two types of glands GLandular Epithelium have
exocrine gland and exocrine gland
How many glands do Glandular Epithelium have ?
2
Glandular Epithelium
the function is to secret
Why do they call it transitional epithelium?
Its called transitional because the cells slides past one another when tissues are stretched
Where is transitional epithelium found
the bladder
Transition epithelium
found primarily on the organs that needs to stretch
WHere is stratified epithelium found
mouth, esophagus and skin
Stratified Epithelia
protective function for tissues exposed to everyday wear and tear
Stratified Epithelia
Multilayered stronger then simple epithelia
Goblet cells
modified columnar cells that produce mucous
Simple columnar
play a major role in absorption of the products of digestions
Simple collumnar
lines the entire length of the digestive tract
Simple Collumnar
Single layer of collumnar cells resting on its basement membrane
Simple Squamous
Functions in the transport and secretions of various substances
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Found in the glands and kidney tubules
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Single layer of cells resting on basement membrane
Connective tissue
connects or binds parts of the body together
Perichondrium
layer of connective tissue that covers cartilage,carries blood vessels supply to cartilage
what do cartilage do?
Cartilage secrete a protein containing intercellular matrix that is firm, smooth and flexible
what are the different types of connective tissue
loose connective tissue , dense fibrous, tissue, cartilage, bone, liquid connective tissue(blood&Lymph)
what are bone cells called
osteocytes
what secretes an intracellular matrix that includes, collagen, calcium salts and other minerals
bone tissue
where is connective tissue found at
blood, skin, bone and around many organs.
what provides flexibility and strength and the mineral containing matrix as a whole makes the bone tissue hard
Collagen
blood and lymph
Two types of connective tissue that have a watery intercellular matrix
prostaglandins
is produced by tissues and is the chemical mediators of pain and. inflamation
the cone shaped gland called the pineal gland controls what
its called the body biologic clock controling many biorhythms it also secretes melatonin
the thymus gland secretes what hormone
thymosine which plays a role in immunity
isulin is the only hormone to do what
lowerbloodsugar
beta cells
secrete insulin
islets langerhan
alpha cells
secrete glucagon
mineralocortisol playsa a role in regulating the blood volume and electrolytes its called the salt retaining hormone
aldosterone
what is the chief glucocortiroid?
cortisol.
glucocortiroids
turn amino acids into sugar
hypercalceimia
to much calcium pth stimulates this
hyposcalcimia
low calcium levels
Catechololamines
hormones that are secreted in emergency situations
ex epinephrine and noreepinephrine
when you have low blood level of calcium what occurs
pth is stimulated
pth what are the three target organs
bone, digestive tract and kidneys
what does calcitonin do
help regulates blood levels of calcium
what happens if you dont have enough iodine from t3 and t4
you wont be able to get negative feed back
t3 and t4 does what
regulates all phases of metabolism and are necessary for proper functioning of all hormones
what are follicular cells
located within the thyroid follicle t3 and t4
what triggers adh
stress trauma and morphine
adh)
attempts to conserve water
primary target is the kidneys
adrienocorticotropic hormones (Acth)
Target gland for adrenocorticotropic hormone is the adrenal cortex (acth )stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete steroids
Neurons
nerve cells that transmits electrical signals to and from the brain and spinal cord
Gonadotropic
Stimulates sex hormones
Adrenocorticotropic
Targets adrenal cortex Acth stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete steroids
thyrotropin(Tsh)
stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete hormones
what promotes milk production in women
prolactin
prolactin (Prl)
the lactogenic hormone
acromegaly
a condition that occurs if hypersecretion occurs in an adult after epiphyseal disc of the long bones have sealed
what does the growth hormone do
causes amino acids to be built into proteins and fats to be broken down and used for energy
fsh, lh
gonadotropins
prl
prolactin
gh
growth hormone
actch
adrenocorticotrophic hormones
whats tsh
thyroid stimulating hormone
How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?
It secretes six major hormones
what are the two main parts of the pituitary gland
anterior pituitary gland
and posterior gland
what are the to ways CNS activate
The hypothalamus, and Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
what does the cns do?
Helps control the secretion of hormones in two ways
Cicadian rhythma
A 24 hour rhythm, pattern repeats itself every24 hours
what controls the secretions of hormones
negative feed back, biorhythms, control by the central nervous systems
steroind hormones
intracellular receptors
protein hormones target what
membrane receptors
what are hormones classified as
proteins and steroids
What do hormones do?
Helps regulate metabolic process involving fats, carbohydrates and proteins
what is a hormone
A chemical messenger
endocrine glands
secrete the chemical substances called hormone
What are the accessory structure
sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nail
peritonitis infection
in the abdominal cavity can be life threatening
pericardium membranes
found in the thoracic cavity and partially surrounds the heart
what do mucous membrane do?
secrete mucous
what is the underlying layer composed of
fibrous connective tissue
connective tissue
one connects
epithelial
one is covering
membranes
classified as epithelial
fibrosis
replacement of injured tissue by the formation of fibrous connective tissue or scar tissue
regeneration
replacement of tissue by cells that are identical to the original cells
what are the two types of tissue repair
regeneration and fibrosis
what do the intercolated disc do
Makes the heart beat
cardiac muscle
arrangement promotes rapid conduction of electrical signals throughout the heart
heart beats at the same time
what are the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal (striated)
Smooth (non striated )
cardiac
Where is cardiac muscles located
The heart
smoothe muscles
stomach muscles help to churn food, bladder muscles help to expel urine
Neuroglia
Cells that support and dont take care of neurons
does not transmit electrical impulse
What is the most abundant of the four types of tissues
Connective Tissue
bone
acts as a storage site for minerals salts