Intrinsic (Deep) back muscles are innervated by _____ _____ of _____ _____
posterior rami of spinal nerves
Intrinsic (Deep) back muscles produce _____ _____ and maintain _____ _____
vertebral movements
spinal posture
Most of the body weight is _______ to the vertebral column.
anterior
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves send branches that innervate _______ _______ _______ , _______ _______ , _______ _______ _______ , and the _______ overlying the _______.
deep back muscles, zygapophysial joints, posterior spinal ligaments, and the skin overlying the back
Deep back muscle: Blood supply is via the _______ _______ of _______ _______ _______
dorsal branch of posterior intercostal arteries
What is 1 through 5?
1. ligamentum nuchae
2. splenius capitis
3. levator scapulae
4. splenius cervicis
5. deep back
Spinotransversales group: Run from the spinous processes and ligamentum nuchae _____ and _____
upward, laterally
What is 1 through 3?
1. spinalis
2. longissimus
3. iliocostalis
Transversospinalis group causes ____ to the ____ side
rotation, contralateral
Semispinalis fibers span ____ spinal segments
4-6
Semispinalis have no ____ segments
lumbar
multifiidus Fibers span ____ spinal segments
2-4
multifiidus fibers are thickest in the ______ region
lumbar
Rotatores brevis, spans ______ spinal segment
Rotatores longus spans ______ spinal segments
1
2
spinotransversales: _______ _______ and _______ _______
splenius cervicis and splenius capitis
erector spinae: _______ , _______, _______
Spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis
Transversopinales: _______ , _______, _______
semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores
Segmental: _______ , _______ , _______ _______
Interspinales, intertransversarii, Levatores costarum
Splenius capitis attaches to _______ _______ and the _______ _______.
mastoid process
occipital bone
Splenius cervicis attaches to the _______ _______ of _______ _______
transverse processes of upper vertebrae
Spinotransversales group acting alone: _______ _______ _______ and _______ _______ to _______ _______
laterally flex neck and rotate head to ipsilateral side
Spinotransversales group acting together: _______ _______ and _______
extend head and neck
what is 1?
external occipital protuberance
what is 2?
mastoid process
what is 3?
splenius capitis
what is 4?
splenius cervicis
____ ____ muscles are the largest group of intrinsic back muscles
Erector Spinae
Acting bilaterally, the erector spinae muscles ___ ___ ___
maintain upright posture
Acting unilaterally, the erector spinae muscles ___ ___ the ___ ___
laterally flex the vertebral column
Erector spinae muscles: During vertebral flexion from the standing position, they control movement as their fibers are ______.
lengthened
______ and ______ ______ muscles flex vertebral column back toward the upright/neutral position from the back bent/extended position as shown.
Abdominal, hip flexor
Transversospinal muscles arise from ______ ______ and insert into ______ ______, with the exception of ______.
transverse processes
spinous processes
Semispinalis
Semispinalis arises from ______ ______ and inserts into the ______
transverse processes
head
What is 1, 2, 3
semispinalis capitis
semispinalis cervicis
semispinalis thoracis
what arises from the sacrum, ilium, lumbar, thoracic, and cervical vertebrae transverse processes?
Multifidus
Multifidus inserts into _____ _____ of vertebrae up to _____
spinous processes
C2
What is 1, 2, 3?
multifidus, rotatores, multifidus
which one is rotatores longus?
1
which one is rotatores brevis?
2
Rotatores arise from _____ _____ and insert into _____ _____
transverse processes
spinous processes
Rotatores action: rotate _____ to _____ _____
spine
contralateral side
Rotatores is the deepest of the transversospinal group and present throughout the length of the vertebral column, but best developed in the _____ region.
thoracic
All segmental back muscles have a role in _____ _____ and _____ feedback
spinal stability, proprioceptive
What is 1?
interspinales
What is 2?
intertransversarii
What is 3?
levatores costarum
Thoracolumbar fasica:
Posterior layer covers the _____ _____ _____
Middle layer is
attached to _____ _____
Anterior layer covers the _____ _____
erector spinae muscles
transverse processes
quadratus lumborum
What is 1?
semispinalis capitis
What is 2?
rectus capitis posterior minor
What is 3?
obliquus capitis inferior
What is 4?
semispinalis capitis
What is 5?
splenius capitis
What is 6?
splenius capitis
What is 7?
obliquus capitis superior
What is 8?
vertebral artery
What is 9?
posterior ramus of C1
What is 10?
rectus capitis posterior major
What is 11?
semispinali cervicis
What is 12?
longissimus capitis
what is the artery and nerve of the suboccipital triangle?
Vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve (C1)
Roof of suboccipital triangle: ____ ____
Semispinalis capitis
Floor of suboccipital triangle: ____ ____ membrane and ____ ____ of ____ vertebra
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and posterior arch of C1 vertebra
All muscles of the suboccipital triangle are innervated by the ____ ____ (____ ramus of ____ ).
suboccitpital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1).
muscles of the suboccipital triangle are ____ muscles; also assist with ____ of ____, and ____ of C1 on C2.
postural, extension, head, rotation
the greater occipital nerve passes through the ______ ______ before ascending to innervate the skin along the posterior part of the scalp to the vertex.
semispinalis muscle
Vertebral arteries arise from ______ arteries
subclavian
The vertebral artery lies on top of the ______ ______ of the ______ within the suboccipital triangle
posterior arch, atlas
The ______ ______ ______ the posterior atlantooccipital membrane
vertebral artery pierces
What is 1?
cervical interspinal
What is 2?
cervical intertransverse
What is 3?
levatores costorum
What is 4?
lumbar interspinales
What is 5?
lumbar intertransversarii
What is 1?
semispinalis capitis
What is 2?
spinalis cervicis
What is 3?
spinalis thoracis
atherosclerosis of vertebral artery may result in ______ ______ that is worsened with ______ ______. ______ osteoarthritic spurs can impinge on the artery.
brainstem ischemia, cervical rotation, Cervical
______ ______ (involuntary contraction) is a protective mechanism following sprains, strains, and disc injuries.
Muscle spasm
What are epaxial muscles?
Back muscles
From what are epaxial derived?
Myotome dorsal
Do epaxial receive anterior/ventral rami or posterior/dorsal rami for innervation?
Dorsal rami
What are hypaxial muscles?
Body wall
From what are hypaxial derived?
Myotome ventral
Do hypaxial receive anterior/ventral rami or posterior/dorsal rami for innervation?
Ventral rami