Anatomy Exam 1: Bone and Cartilage Micro Flashcards

What happens to yellow bone marrow in anemia?

converted to _____ _____ _____ for increase production of _____ _____ _____

Endochondral ossification sequence of events

1) Formation of _____ _____ _____

Endochondral ossification sequence of events

2) _____ _____ forms

Endochondral ossification sequence of events

3) _____ hypertrophy, _____ and _____ in bone collar area

Endochondral ossification sequence of events

4) Osteogenic bud of _____ _____

Endochondral ossification sequence of events:

5) _____ differentiate and secrete bone matrix

Endochondral ossification sequence of events:

6) _____ ossification center expands to whole _____

Endochondral ossification sequence of events:

7) After birth _____ ossification centers form in _____

Fracture repair steps

1) ____ ____

Fracture repair steps

2) ____ proliferation

Fracture repair steps

3) ____ ____ forms in ____

Fracture repair steps

4) ____ bone forms by endochondral and intramembranous formation

Fracture repair steps

5) ____ ____ (dense CT and cartilage) temporarily unites fracture

Fracture repair steps

6) ____ cells from ____ divide and become ____ which deposit new bone

Fracture repair steps

7) ____ occurs with healing

What is the embryonic precursor to long bones? ____

Embryonic precursor to flat bone? ____ ____

bone replaces cartilage in which type of ossification?

____ ____

bone forms between membranous sheaths in which kind of ossification? ____ ____

3 types of cartilage?

_______ , _______ and _______

Most abundant cartilage type? _______ _______

Color of hyaline cartilage? ____ and ____

Locations of Hyaline Cartilage in body?

1) _____ _____ for _____ _____

2) _____ ends of _____ bones

3) _____

4)_____ ends of _____

Osteoarthritis is a ________ joint disease characterized by ________ ________ ________, ________ ________, and destruction of ________ ________.

In osteoarthritis there is a decrease in production of ______ and ______ ______ collagen

Where in the cartilage is type 2 collagen located? ______

What makes up 60-80% of hyaline cartilage weight?

_____ _____ most of which is bound to aggrecan-hyaluronan aggregates

groups of chondrocytes that produce matrix material are _____ _____ in _____ _____.

The matrix of hyaline cartilage is which color

____ (____ /____ )

In hyaline cartilage, the __________ (also called __________) matrix is the area of strongest __________ immediately surrounding the __________.

basophilic area immediately around chondrocytes: __________ __________ in _________ ___________

surrounds the territorial matrix and occupies the space between groups of chondrocytes: __________ __________ in _________ ___________

Why is the fibrous layer in hyaline cartilage eosinophilic? ___________ ___________ ___________

Appositional growth: differentiation of chondroblasts from the ___________

Mitosis of chondrocytes within cartilage forming isogenous groups that secrete matrix is what type of growth? ___________ ___________

interstitial growth: Due to growth of ___________ ___________

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Location of Elastic cartilage in body: ____, ____, ____

Cell spaces where chondrocytes stay?

____ in ____

Elastic cartilage is stained with orcein or resorcein-fuschsin so it appears _______ than hyaline usually

What's in elastic cartilage ECM?

_______ _______ and _______ _______ _______ fibrils

Key locations of fibrocartilage include the ________ ________, ________ ________, ________ ________ of the SC and temporomandibular joints, and the ________ of the ________.

Which cartilage is a hybrid between dense connective tissue and cartilage? ________

In fibrocartilage, ________ are dispersed among the ________ fibers in a ________ ________ fashion.

The extracellular matrix of fibrocartilage contains __________ type __________, __________ type __________, __________, multiadhesive __________, and __________.

Which of the cartilage types has a perichondrium?

__________ __________ and __________ __________

Intervertebral disk contains type 1 and type 2 collagen. What percentage of each?

What functions to secrete the ECM? _____

uncalcified matrix that is clear region between cells that becomes clacified bone: _____

mature bone maintaining cells trapped in lacunae: _____

what reabsorbs bone? _____

What kind of tissue is bone? _____ _____ _____

Vitamin K deficiency can cause weak __________ due to dysfunction of __________, a __________ binding protein in bone.

Bone mineralization mainly occurs through the deposition of ___ ___ within the ___ ___ ___.

The ___ is a sheath of dense fibrous connective tissue covering the ___ surface of bone, carrying ___ and ___.

source of pain from a bone fracture comes from __________ nerves

______ ______→ Dense bone that forms the outside of bone

______ ______→ Forms the trabeculae form inside of bone

Mature bone is organized into structural units called ___, also known as ___ ___, which provide ___ and house ___ ___.

The central canals of osteons, called ___ ___, contain blood vessels and nerves and are connected to each other by ___ ___ ___.

growth in width: _____ _____

growth in length: _____ _____

The ___ ___ ___ form a layer beneath the periosteum, encircling the outer surface of compact bone, while the ___ ___ ___ line the inner surface beneath the endosteum.

The periosteum has two layers: an outer ___ layer of dense connective tissue and an inner ___ layer containing osteoprogenitor cells.

Direction of collagen fibers of periosteum: ___ to the ___ of ___

What kind of section is this?

The extracellular matrix of bone is primarily composed of ___ ___ collagen with smaller amounts of ___ ___ collagen, along with proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and growth factors.

___ are mature bone cells that sit within ___ and help maintain ___ ___.

Spaces called ___, located between ___ ___, house osteocytes that maintain bone tissue.

_____ extending _____ processes into _____

The central canals of osteons contain ___ ___ and ___

What is this?

What is this?

Primary (__________) bone in adults is found in __________ sockets, near __________ of the flat bones of the __________, and at the __________ of some tendons.

chondrocytes hypertrophy and die, the matrix calcifies: _______

What type of cartilage is the cartilage bone model of the fetus?

______ ______

Immature bone is typically found in the skeleton of a ___ ___ and is later replaced by ___ ___ bone.

The ___ is a thin membrane lining the marrow cavity and is mainly composed of ___ cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts.

Osteoclasts secrete __________ and __________ to dissolve the __________ matrix during bone remodeling.

What do osteoclasts secrete to degrade organic matrix?

__________ __________

Which bone cell is important in inflammation? __________

progressive loss of bone density: __________

Primary osteoporosis: There is a rapid loss of bone density after ______.

______ osteoporosis: ______ therapy can cause bone loss and osteoporosis.

Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis include __________ __________ exercise, adequate__________ __________ and __________ intake throughout life, and sufficient __________ __________ intake.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises serum __________ levels when they are low.

PTH increases bone __________ to release calcium into the bloodstream.

Intermittent treatment with PTH is __________ to bone and used to treat __________.

Osteomalacia is caused by impaired __________ of the bone matrix due to __________ deficiency, leading to low __________ and __________ absorption in the gut.

Rickets is a bone disorder in children caused by a deficiency in ___ or ___ ___, leading to ___ and ___ ___.

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder of __________ __________ characterized by repeated __________, __________ skin, weak __________, and __________ sclera of the eye.

Calcium phosphate homeostasis is regulated by which 3 hormones?

__________ , __________ , __________

Calcitonin __________ serum __________ levels by inhibiting __________ and is secreted by the __________ cells of the thyroid.

Calcitriol (vitamin D) __________ serum __________ by increasing __________ absorption in the __________.

What is this?

Osteoprogenitor cells are capable of differentiating into an _____, _____, _____ and _____.

Osteoprogenitor cells are _____ and resemble _____

Osteoprogenitor are found in the _____ layer of the periosteum, _____.

What are these cells?

Osteoblasts secrete _____ _____ _____ and _____ _____ that forms the _____ _____ _____

Osteoblasts must be on the _____ of the osteoid.

If Osteoblasts are within they are _____

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Osteocytes are _____ _____ _____ that are enclosed by the _____ _____.

Osteocytes occupy a _____ or a _____.

Osteocytes can look like _____ histologically

What is this?

Osteoclast are ____ ____ ____ ____ that originate from the ____ of the ____

What is 1, 2, 3?

Intramembranous ossification refers to the process of bone development that occurs ___ ___ ___ ___.

Intramembranous ossification primarily occurs in ___ ___, the ___, and the ___.

In intramembranous ossification, ___ ___ aggregate and differentiate into ___, which are ___ ___.

During intramembranous ossification, osteoblasts secrete ___, which is the ___ ___ ___ portion of ___ ___.

Once osteoid is secreted during intramembranous ossification, it becomes ___.

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In Endochondral Ossification is when bone formation occurs due to a ____ ____ ____.

In endochondral ossification, ___ ___ secrete an enzyme called ___ ___, which promotes matrix ___.

elevated alkaline phosphatase in the blood indicates ___ or ___ disorders.

In endochondral ossification, calcification of the cartilage matrix inhibits the diffusion of ___, which results in the death of ___.

Scurvy is caused by a deficiency in ___ ___, which leads to defective ___ ___ and failure of ___ ___.

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Cortisone and hydrocortisone inhibit cartilage __________, __________, and __________ production, which can contribute to cartilage damage seen in __________ disease.

__________ __________ results from a deficiency of __________ __________ (somatotropin) during development, causing failure of __________ growth.

__________ results from excess __________ hormone during development, before __________ plate closure, causing abnormal bone __________.

Excess growth hormone in adulthood leads to __________ of the bones since epiphyseal plates have already closed: __________

____ ____ collagen is the predominant structural protein of bone

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Hyaline cartilage model of bone forms in the embryo and is ______ by bone during development.

Cartilage is an ________, ________ connective tissue found in areas of ________ and ________.

Cartilage is composed of ________ and a highly specialized ________ ________, rich in ________ proteins and ________ acid.

What is 1, 2, 3?

Hyaline cartilage binds bones together in ________, creating ________ ________ surfaces for the ________.

In hyaline cartilage, ________ produce and maintain the ________ ________, ensuring ________ ________.

Hyaline cartilage is surrounded by the ________, but at ________ surfaces, the ________ does not exist.

Hyaline cartilage chondrocytes are relatively ________ cells with light cytoplasm due to storage of ________ and ________.

The perichondrium of hyaline cartilage is composed of ________ connective tissue and serves as a source of new ________ ________.

The perichondrium is not present in ________ cartilage, allowing direct articulation at ________ surfaces.

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Elastic cartilage is distinguished by the presence of ________ fibers that create a dense network of ________, ________ fibers.

Elastic cartilage is a ________ and ________ tissue, allowing it to withstand repeated ________.

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what is this?

Fibrocartilage lacks a surrounding ________, distinguishing it from ________ and ________ cartilage.

Fibrocartilage functions as a ________ ________, especially in areas exposed to significant ________ and ________.

What is this?

The perichondrium features a ________ membrane on the surface that provides ________ and ________ support.

The perichondrium carries ________ and ________, supplying nutrients to the ________ beneath.

The outer ________ layer of the perichondrium is made of ________ connective tissue, giving mechanical ________.

The inner ________ layer of the perichondrium contains ________ cells that act as a source of ________.

In osteoarthritis, there is a decrease in ________ content, weakening the ________ of the cartilage.

In osteoarthritis, ________ and ________ stimulate production of metalloproteinases and inhibit synthesis of ________ ________ ________.

In intervertebral disc degeneration, ________ loses its ability to absorb ________, leading to ________ and stiffening.

Intervertebral disc degeneration involves proteolytic degradation of ________ aggregates in the ________ ________.

Chondrosarcomas are ________ ________ ________ characterized by secretion of a ________ ________.

Chondrosarcomas are the second most common ________‑producing tumors of bone after ________ (malignant bone‑forming tumors).

What is going on here?

Chondrosarcomas metastasize?

In chondrosarcoma histology, a small area of active ________ ________ may still be visible amidst tumor invasion.

Hyaline cartilage vs Elastic cartilage Histology!

Which one has chondrocytes more closely packed?

_______ _______ injections are used in the treatment of osteoarthritic joints. Chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate are sold as _______ _______.

____ ____ causes chronic elevation of PTH, hypercalcemia, and bone catabolism.

hypocalcemia can lead to ____. this may be may be caused by lack of ____ due to ____ ____