OMM Lecture: Static Symmetry and Landmarks Flashcards

In the sagittal plane, movement occurs around a ___ axis, which is also called the ___ axis.

In the transverse plane, the body rotates around a ___ axis, also known as the ___ axis.

In the coronal plane, motion occurs around an ___ axis, sometimes referred to as the ___ axis.

The five basic patient positions used during OMM are ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.

What is 1?

What is 2?

What is 3?

What is 4?

What position is 1?

What position is 2?

A typical structural exam includes ___, ___, ___ ___, ___ ___, and ___ ___ to fully assess musculoskeletal function.

Active range of motion is performed by the ___, while passive range of motion is performed by the ___ or ___.

Shoulder range of motion is commonly assessed in the ___, ___, and ___ planes to evaluate ___ ___.

Hip range of motion assessment includes ___, ___, ___, and ___ to evaluate flexibility and stability.

Spinal alignment is assessed by observing both the ___ and ___ curves, allowing identification of abnormal bending or rotational changes.

Evaluating posture requires using ___ and ___ bony landmarks, along with ___ landmarks, to detect asymmetry or deviations from normal alignment.

A classic postural variation is ___, where forward bending reveals a visible ___ ___ on the ___ side due to vertebral rotation.

During a structural exam, general observation includes looking for ___ ___, ___, and ___ that might indicate trauma, compensation, or chronic dysfunction.

The four normal sagittal curves of the spine are ___ ___, ___ ___, ___ ___, and ___ ___.

lordosis is convex or concave?

thoracis is convex or concave?

C?

Superior/Cephalad, Inferior/Caudad, Anterior/Ventral, Posterior/Dorsal, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal

A?

Superior/Cephalad, Inferior/Caudad, Anterior/Ventral, Posterior/Dorsal, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal

D?

Superior/Cephalad, Inferior/Caudad, Anterior/Ventral, Posterior/Dorsal, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal

G?

Superior/Cephalad, Inferior/Caudad, Anterior/Ventral, Posterior/Dorsal, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal

F?

Superior/Cephalad, Inferior/Caudad, Anterior/Ventral, Posterior/Dorsal, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal

B?

Superior/Cephalad, Inferior/Caudad, Anterior/Ventral, Posterior/Dorsal, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal

E?

Superior/Cephalad, Inferior/Caudad, Anterior/Ventral, Posterior/Dorsal, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal

Transitional points occur where the spinal ___ changes, and abnormal changes at other levels can lead to ___ and ___.

Spinal curves are ___, meaning an increase in ___ will result in a compensatory increase in ___.

The normal curves of the spine provide both ___ and ___; without them, the spine would be more prone to ___.

A perfectly straight spine would transmit ___ directly through the ___, making it more susceptible to structural ___.

What is A?

What is B?

which one is sway back?

which one is flat back?

which one is military back?

which one is ideal posture?

which one is kyphotic lordotic posture?

What posture is this?

Entire body leans forward; supports weight in metatarsals

What posture is this?

Entire body leans backward, balance maintained by anterior thrust of pelvis and hips, marked lordosis from mid-thoracic down.

What posture is this?

Body rotated to right or left

Which of the following landmarks is typically at eye level during an anterior view postural assessment?
A. Clavicle
B. Head
C. Umbilicus
D. Patellae

In an anterior view, the acromion corresponds to which body region?
A. Shoulder
B. Neck
C. Rib cage
D. Pelvis

1. The nipples are reliable landmarks for which body structure in males and children? A. Rib cage B. Sternum C. Clavicle D. Umbilicus

Which landmark lies just below the sternum in the anterior abdominal region?
A. Umbilicus
B. ASIS
C. Iliac crests
D. Patellae

The ASIS is a bony prominence located on the:
A. Head
B. Femur
C. Tibia
D. Pelvis

During an anterior postural exam, which landmark is located most inferior on the leg?
A. Patellae
B. Greater trochanter
C. Medial malleoli
D. Fingertips

Which of the following is NOT typically considered an anterior body landmark for observation/palpation?
A. Medial arches
B. Occiput
C. Patellae
D. ASIS

The iliac crests are palpated at approximately the same level as which vertebral landmark?
A. L4 vertebra
B. T12 vertebra
C. C7 vertebra
D. S1 vertebra

The fingertips can serve as a landmark to assess:
A. Arm length and symmetry
B. Pelvic tilt
C. Knee alignment
D. Rib cage height

The posterior neck meets which major muscle landmark?
A. Deltoid
B. Trapezius
C. Latissimus dorsi
D. Rhomboid

Which bony prominence at the posterior shoulder corresponds to the acromion process?
A. Scapula
B. Clavicle
C. Spine of scapula
D. Shoulder

The inferior angle of the scapula lies near which vertebral level?
A. L4
B. C7
C. T7
D. S1

Osseous causes of spinal deviations include congenital ___ of vertebrae, trauma with dislocation or ___, and diseases such as tumor, infection, or ___.

Muscular causes of spinal deviations can involve changes in muscle ___, such as atrophy from ___ or neurologic disease, as well as ___ or ___.

Muscular contracture involving ___ or ___ ___ can contribute to abnormal spinal alignment.

Endomorphs tend to struggle with their ___, gaining ___ ___ and losing ___ with difficulty, soft round curvatous

Structural-mechanical causes of deviations include changes in location of ___ ___ transitions, such as sacral base imbalance, scoliosis, and ___.

Wearing ___ ___ or certain habits/occupations can alter spinal alignment through structural-mechanical factors.

Other structural-mechanical factors affecting posture include foot defects such as ___ or ___ ___, and knee alignment issues such as genu ___ or ___.

Localized ___ ___ can be a structural-mechanical cause of spinal deviations.

Scoliosis can be classified as ___ or ___ depending on whether the curvature is fixed or flexible.

According to Fryette’s principles, coupled ___ ___ and ___ that are fixed may result in a scoliotic curve.

A ___ ___ and ___ ___ are common findings in scoliosis due to vertebral rotation.

Scoliosis may be associated with ___ ___ ___, affecting spinal alignment.

The two common curve patterns in scoliosis are the single ___-curve and the double ___-curve.

Scoliosis affects approximately ___ in ___ individuals by the teenage years.

Scoliosis is most often diagnosed during periods of ___ ___.

A scoliotic curve is named according to the side of its ___.

Which ones are scoliosis?

Which scoliosis is most common?

The extent of a scoliotic curve is measured on a standing ___ of the spine using the ___ ___.

The Cobb angle is formed by drawing a line across the ___ surface of the vertebral body at the top of the curve and another across the ___ surface of the vertebral body at the bottom of the curve.

In Cobb angle measurement, ___ lines are drawn from the original lines, and the angle where they ___ is ___.

Scoliosis severity based on Cobb angle can be classified as ___, ___, or ___.

Severe scoliosis may result in ___ and ___ compromise.

Which Cobb angle range is classified as mild scoliosis?
A. None
B. 5–15 degrees
C. 20–45 degrees
D. >50 degrees

Moderate scoliosis is defined by a Cobb angle in which range?
A. 0–5 degrees
B. 5–15 degrees
C. 20–45 degrees
D. 45–50 degrees

A Cobb angle greater than 50 degrees most directly compromises:
A. Renal function
B. Respiratory function
C. Gastrointestinal function
D. Visual acuity

At what Cobb angle threshold does cardiovascular function become compromised?
A. >45 degrees
B. >50 degrees
C. >60 degrees
D. >70 degrees

Which of the following is considered a normal Cobb angle?
A. None
B. <5 degrees
C. 5–15 degrees
D. 20–45 degrees

Which of the following is NOT a commonly influencing factor in scoliosis?
A. Bone deformities
B. Muscle tone changes
C. Postural changes
D. Visual acuity changes

Changes in muscle tone contributing to scoliosis can include all EXCEPT:
A. Hypotonicity
B. Hypertonicity
C. Hypertrophy
D. Hyperglycemia

Occupational habits that cause asymmetrical posture are most likely to result in which type of scoliosis factor?
A. Bone deformity
B. Postural change
C. Sacral torsion
D. Fascial pattern

A unilateral flat foot could lead to scoliosis primarily by causing:
A. Tibial torsion
B. Pelvic tilt from a short leg
C. Thoracic rib hump
D. Cervical curvature loss

Fascial patterns affecting scoliosis can be classified as:
A. Compensatory or noncompensatory
B. Acute or chronic
C. Voluntary or involuntary
D. Symmetric or asymmetric

___ ___ unleveling is considered the most clinically relevant pelvic finding in postural assessment.

When the sacral base is unlevel, the spine compensates by altering its curvatures, often producing a ___.

In response to sacral base unleveling, the ___ rotate to help maintain balance.

On the side of the ___ leg, the limb will tend to ___ rotate and the foot will ___.

In scoliosis related to sacral base declination, the vertebrae of the most caudal curve usually ___ away from and ___ toward the side of declination.

Degenerative ___ of the hip joint often develops on the ___ leg side, along with tenderness over the ___ ___.

What is this?

Clinical diagnosis of sacral base unleveling based on ___ findings alone is often difficult and ___.

Neither the alignment of the ___ ___ nor the level of the ___ ___ are reliable indicators of sacral base unleveling.

Measurements from the ___ to the ___ using a tape measure are inaccurate for diagnosing sacral base unleveling.

Assessing the levelness of the ___ ___ in the supine position is also inaccurate for detecting sacral base unleveling.

In scoliosis, the ___ ___ on the side of the ___ becomes stressed.

Tenderness from iliolumbar ligament stress is typically found over its attachments at the ___ or the ___ or ___ transverse process.

When stressed, the iliolumbar ligament can refer pain to the ipsilateral ___, and sometimes to the ___ or ___ and the upper medial ___.

A ___ leg may present with unilateral ___ and hip pain, as well as tenderness over the ___ ___.

If a ___ leg is suspected, ___ should first be applied to correct somatic dysfunctions.

After maximizing spinal ___ through OMT, standard standing postural ___ can be used to accurately measure ___ plane values.

If a ___ short leg results from functional stresses on the body, the initial treatment should be ___.

An ___ short leg results from growth differences and may require a ___ lift after somatic tissues are prepared with OMT.

OMT in anatomic short leg cases is used primarily to prepare the ___ tissues to accept realignment by the ___ lift.

The primary goal in managing sacral base declination is to ___ the sacral base.

A heel lift should be placed on the side of the ___ ___ declination.

In a ___ short leg, which may be congenital or traumatic, the sacral base is ___ the problem.

The goal in treating a structural short leg is to ___ the gap by adding ___ to the short leg.

For a fragile patient (arthritic, osteoporotic, aged, or with significant acute pain), begin with a ___ mm heel lift and increase no faster than ___ mm every ___ weeks.

For a patient with a flexible spine and no more than mild to moderate myofascial strain, start with a ___ mm heel lift and increase no faster than ___ mm per week or ___ mm every two weeks.

Gradual heel lift increases help prevent excessive ___ on the musculoskeletal system.

Due to magnification, measurement error, and compensatory changes, the final heel lift height in chronic short leg syndrome is usually only ___ to ___ percent of the leg length discrepancy measured by standing X-ray.

Standard ___ ___ X-ray measurements of leg length discrepancy may overestimate the necessary ___ lift height.

Compensatory changes in the body can reduce the effective ___ of the ___ ___ ___ when applying heel lifts.

When proper lift has been reached and there are no pelvic or lower extremity somatic dysfunction, the Standing flexion test should become negative and ___ ___ ___ should be taken, but this time with the ___ ___ and the ___ ___ in place.

sacral extension will decrease ______ ______

Muscle balance continually adapts the body’s ___ to ___, but faulty posture alters the ___ of ___.posture, gravity, center, gravity

Alteration of the center of gravity initiates mechanical responses that require ___ ___.

Chronic postural changes cause changes in ___ ___, shifting from normal to abnormal adaptation patterns.

Muscle imbalance includes shortening and tightening of some muscle groups, weakness of others, and loss of ___ of integrated muscle function.

Muscle balance adapts to physical demands and fatigue; ___ muscles fatigue more slowly than ___ muscles.

Chronic overuse with altered movement patterns causes some muscles to become ___, creating abnormal ___ ___.

What is happening?

In Lower Crossed Syndrome, the ___ ___ is weak while the ___ ___ are tight.

In Lower Crossed Syndrome, the ___ muscles are weak and the ___ ___ are tight.

Weak ___ ___ and tight ___ are characteristic of Lower Crossed Syndrome.

Lower Crossed Syndrome typically causes ___ pelvic tilt and increased ___ ___.

Lower Crossed Syndrome is associated with hypermobility of the lower ___ spine.

Upper Crossed Syndrome involves increased ___ ___, ___ ___, and ___ head posture.

In Upper Crossed Syndrome, tight dorsal muscles include the ___ ___ and ___ ___.

In Upper Crossed Syndrome, tight ventral muscles include the ___ major and ___.

Weak dorsal muscles in Upper Crossed Syndrome are the ___ and ___ trapezius.

Weak ventral muscles in Upper Crossed Syndrome include the ___ cervical ___.

Suprasternal Notch=____

Angle of Louis=____

Xiphoid Process=____

Spine of Scapula = ___

Inferior angle of scapula = ____