PBL Exam 1 Lab Tests Flashcards

The _______ is part of a _______ _______ _______ that measures the proportion of _______ cells in blood.

Hematocrit represents the percentage of _______ cells in _______ blood, primarily composed of _______.

The hematocrit is usually reported as a _______ and is closely related to _______ levels and red blood cell _______.

Normal hematocrit values in adult males are approximately _______% to _______%.

Normal hematocrit values in adult females are approximately _______% to _______%.

Hematocrit is determined by collecting _______ blood in an _______ tube and using _______ centrifugation.

Low hematocrit can be caused by _______, _______ _______ _______, or _______ _______ disease.

High hematocrit may occur in _______, _______ _______ disease, or living at _______ _______.

Hematocrit is often used to evaluate overall _______ status, monitor response to _______, and assess _______ volume.

Hemoglobin is an _______-containing protein in _______ blood cells that carries _______ from lungs to tissues.

The hemoglobin molecule consists of _______ protein chains, each containing one _______ group that binds _______ oxygen molecule.

Normal hemoglobin values for adult males are approximately _______ to _______ grams per deciliter.

Normal hemoglobin values for adult females are approximately _______ to _______ grams per deciliter.

Low hemoglobin levels may indicate _______, _______ _______ disease, or _______ _______ _______.

High hemoglobin levels may result from _______, _______ disease, or living at _______ altitude.

Hemoglobin levels are influenced by _______ status, _______ state, and _______ diseases.

Platelets, also called ___, are small ___ fragments that play a key role in ___ ___.

Normal platelet count in adults is approximately ___ to ___ × 10⁹ per liter of blood.

Low platelet count, called ___, can increase the risk of ___ and ___ bleeding.

High platelet count, called ___, may occur due to ___ disorders, inflammation, or ___ deficiency.

Platelet count is used to monitor ___ ___ function, evaluate ___ disorders.

Conditions such as ___ infection, certain ___, and ___ therapy can lower platelet counts.

Platelet function depends on ___ production, ___ circulation, and proper ___ activation.

Red blood cells, also called ___, transport ___ from the lungs to tissues and remove ___ ___.

Normal RBC count in adult males is approximately ___ to ___ × 10¹² per liter of blood.

Normal RBC count in adult females is approximately ___ to ___ × 10¹² per liter of blood.

Low RBC count, called ___, may result from ___ ___ ___, ___ ___, or ___ deficiency.

High RBC count, called ___, may occur due to ___, ___ ___, or living at ___ altitude.

RBC count is used to evaluate ___ capacity, monitor ___ disorders, and assess overall ___ status.

RBC production is regulated by ___, a hormone secreted by the ___ in response to ___.

Factors such as ___ status, ___ state, and recent ___ transfusions can influence RBC count.

Normal WBC count in adults is approximately ___ to ___ × 10⁹ per liter of blood.

A WBC differential identifies the percentage of different ___ of WBCs: ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.

High WBC count, called ___, can indicate ___, ___, or inflammatory conditions.

Low WBC count, called ___, may result from ___ ___ suppression, severe ___, or autoimmune diseases.

___ are the most abundant WBCs, responsible for ___ bacterial infections and responding to ___.

___ differentiate into macrophages in tissues and are important for ___ debris and ___ responses.

___ are the least common WBCs, involved in ___ reactions and releasing ___ mediators.

The main electrolytes measured in a CMP/BMP are ___, ___, ___, and ___.

___ is the primary extracellular cation that maintains ___ balance and ___ potential.

Normal sodium concentration in serum is approximately ___ to ___ milliequivalents per liter.

Abnormal sodium levels may cause ___ disturbances, ___ changes, and ___ dysfunction.

___ is the major intracellular cation, critical for ___ conduction and ___ contraction.

Normal potassium levels are approximately ___ to ___ milliequivalents per liter of serum.

High potassium, called ___, can cause ___ disturbances and potential cardiac ___.

Low potassium, called ___, may result in ___ weakness, ___ cramps, and arrhythmias.

___ is the main extracellular anion, essential for ___ balance and ___ neutrality.

Normal chloride levels are approximately ___ to ___ milliequivalents per liter of serum.

Changes in chloride often parallel changes in ___ and indicate ___ imbalances.

Serum ___ reflects the total amount of bicarbonate, an indicator of ‑ status.

Abnormal CO₂ levels may point to ___ disorders, ___ imbalances, or respiratory ___ dysfunction.

Normal carbon dioxide (bicarbonate) concentration in serum is approximately ___ to ___ milliequivalents per liter.

Serum ___ is vital for bone ___, muscle function, and proper ___ signaling.

Normal total calcium levels range from ___ to ___ milligrams per deciliter of blood.

Low calcium, called ___, may lead to ___ spasms, tetany, and cardiac ___.

High calcium, called ___, may cause ___ stones, ___ pain, and mental confusion.

Serum ___ levels measure circulating sugar, used to evaluate ___ tolerance and ___ control.

Elevated glucose, called ___, can indicate ___ mellitus, stress, or endocrine disorders.

Normal fasting glucose concentration in plasma is approximately ___ to ___ milligrams per deciliter.

Low glucose, called ___, may cause ___ confusion, seizures, and ___ loss.

Kidney function is assessed by measuring ___ ___ ___ and ___ in the blood.

___ reflects nitrogen waste from protein ___ and is filtered by the ___.

Normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in adults are approximately ___ to ___ milligrams per deciliter.

Elevated BUN may indicate ___ dysfunction, ___ intake, or severe ___ loss.

___ is a waste product of muscle ___ and is a more specific marker of ___ filtration.

High creatinine suggests impaired ___ function or reduced ___ filtration rate.

Normal creatinine levels in adult males are approximately ___ to ___ milligrams per deciliter.

Normal creatinine levels in adult females are approximately ___ to ___ milligrams per deciliter.

Liver function tests in a CMP include ___, ___, ___, and total ___.

___ is the main plasma protein, essential for ___ pressure and ___ transport.

Normal total protein concentration in serum is approximately ___ to ___ grams per deciliter.

Normal albumin concentration in serum is approximately ___ to ___ grams per deciliter.

___, ___, and ___ levels reflect liver enzyme activity and help diagnose ___ damage.

Normal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in serum is approximately ___ to ___ international units per liter.

Normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in serum is approximately ___ to ___ international units per liter.

Normal aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in serum is approximately ___ to ___ international units per liter.

Normal total bilirubin concentration in serum is approximately ___ to ___ milligrams per deciliter.

Normal adult oral temperature is approximately ___ to ___ degrees Celsius.

Normal adult heart rate at rest is approximately ___ to ___ beats per minute.

Bradycardia is a heart rate less than ___ beats per minute, and tachycardia is greater than ___ beats per minute.

Normal adult respiratory rate at rest is approximately ___ to ___ breaths per minute.

Bradypnea is a respiratory rate less than ___ breaths per minute, and tachypnea is greater than ___ breaths per minute.

Normal adult blood pressure is approximately ___ over ___ millimeters of mercury.

Hypotension is blood pressure less than ___ over ___ mmHg, while hypertension is generally greater than ___ over ___ mmHg.

Normal oxygen saturation (SpO₂) on room air is approximately ___ to ___ percent.

Oxygen saturation levels below ___ percent may indicate ___ and require medical evaluation.