36 Flashcards

1. The top-secret Pentagon Papers, leaked and published in 1971
a. revealed President Nixon's role in the Watergate scandal.
b. documented the North Vietnamese attack in the Gulf of Tonkin.
c. exposed President Nixon's secret bombing war of Cambodia.
d. was the first the American public knew of the Nixon Doctrine.
e. exposed the blunders and deceptions of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations in pursuing American
involvement in the Vietnam War.

2. As a result of U.S. support for Israel in 1973, when Israel was attacked by Egypt and Syria
a. Egypt and Syria broke off diplomatic relations with the United States.
b. America had to reduce its aid to other nations.
c. Arab nations placed an embargo on oil to America.
d. the Soviet Union started sending arms to Syria and Egypt.
e. Israel was able to seize the Suez Canal.

3. Richard Nixon's policy of détente
a. was designed to improve relations between the Soviet Union and China.
b. increased diplomatic tensions with the Soviet Union, but relaxed diplomatic tensions with China.
c. was a failure.
d. found support in the Democratic party but not the Republican party.
e. ushered in an era of relaxed tensions between the United States and the two leading communist powers,
China and the Soviet Union.

4. After the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, the chief goal of the Black Civil Rights movement in the
South became to
a. secure the right to vote.
b. end discrimination in housing.
c. gain equality in education.
d. prohibit racial discrimination in employment.
e. integrate private social clubs and organizations.

5. The skepticism about authority that emerged in the United States during the 1960s
a. was a new phenomenon for America.
b. did not occur anywhere else in the world at that time.
c. touched all institutions except religion.
d. had deep historical roots in American culture.
e. arose from the music and drugs of the time.

6. The three P's that largely explain the cultural upheavals of the 1960s are
a. poverty, political radicalism, and protest against authority.
b. public schools, parietal rules, and parental restrictions.
c. population bulge, protest against Vietnam, and prosperity.
d. patriotism, prowar enthusiasm, and perfectionism.
e. the pill, pot, and popular rock music.

7. In response to Congress's attempt to stop him from continuing the bombing of Cambodia, President Nixon
a. repeatedly vetoed Congress's bills to halt the attacks.
b. gradually reduced the number of bombing raids.
c. shifted the bombing campaign to Laos.
d. declared that he was stopping the bombing but continued the campaign secretly.
e. None of these choices are correct.

8. Richard Nixon's legislation guaranteeing that Social Security raises would be indexed to guarantee against
inflation
a. enabled the Republican party to gain ownership of the Social Security issue over the Democrats.
b. was economically supported by an increase in Social Security taxes.
c. actually contributed to increased inflation in the 1970s.
d. was an exception to Nixon's general hostility to Social Security.
e. was rejected by Congress as too expensive for the U.S. government to afford.

9. Former Vice President Richard Nixon essentially won the 1968 presidential election by
a. promising to escalate the Vietnam War and win a decisive victory there.
b. repudiating Goldwater conservatives and running as a liberal Republican.
c. re-asserting the Republican party's historic commitment to civil rights and civil liberties.
d. arguing that the Vietnam War had been a mistake from the beginning.
e. exploiting Democratic divisions and appealing to moderately conservative law and order sentiment.

10. George McGovern, the Democratic nominee for the presidency in 1972, alienated the traditional working-class
backbone of the Democratic party
a. by opposing the "closed shop" and minimum wage laws.
b. when he advocated an end to the Vietnam War.
c. when it was discovered that he had undergone psychiatric care.
d. by appealing to racial minorities, feminists, and youth.
e. by opposing the power of labor unions.

11. The common use of poll taxes to inhibit Black voters in the South was outlawed by the
a. Civil Rights Act of 1964.
b. Voting Rights Act of 1965.
c. Twenty-Fourth Amendment.
d. Twenty-Third Amendment.
e. Twenty-Fifth Amendment.

12. Richard Nixon's Southern strategy included the policy of
a. completely overhauling the welfare system.
b. ending the Vietnam War.
c. moving nearly all military bases to the southern states.
d. appointing only southerners to the Supreme Court.
e. soft-pedaling civil rights and opposing school busing to achieve racial balance.

13. The Nixon Doctrine proclaimed that
a. America's Asian allies would have to fight their wars without large numbers of American troops.
b. the United States would supply only economic aid to its allies.
c. the United would make détente with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China its highest
diplomatic priority.
d. all American allies must commit troops to fight communism if necessary.
e. the United States would maintain naval and air bases in East Asia but not send ground troops to fight on
the Asian mainland.

14. The American armed forces in Vietnam were composed largely of
a. Marines.
b. African Americans.
c. volunteer soldiers in their twenties.
d. the least privileged young Americans.
e. professional career soldiers.

15. President Nixon's chief foreign policy adviser, throughout his administration, was
a. Henry Kissinger.
b. William Rogers.
c. Spiro Agnew.
d. Gerald Ford.
e. Donald Rumsfeld.

16. In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court upheld a married couple's right to use contraceptives based on
a. the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution.
b. the First Amendment.
c. a right to privacy.
d. Roe v. Wade.
e. the Fourteenth Amendment.

17. The 1973 War Powers Act
a. gave the president the power to commit troops without declaring war.
b. compelled President Nixon to end the secret bombing war in Cambodia.
c. required presidential reporting and congressional approval of extended troop commitments.
d. ended the military draft and created an all-volunteer army.
e. required Congress to approve funds for military operations.

18. The Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration aroused bitter
opposition among many business people because
a. they undermined strong efforts that businesses were already making to protect the environment and
worker safety.
b. the agencies were financed by new corporate business taxes.
c. most business leaders were hostile to improvements in the environment or safety.
d. they directly involved the federal government in many aspects of business decision making.
e. they operated under laws passed by an antibusiness administration.

19. Despite his political skills and foreign policy knowledge, Richard Nixon harbored deep and bitter resentments
against
a. the conservative, Goldwater wing of the Republican party.
b. women whom he blamed for undermining traditional conservative values.
c. the Communist great powers, China and the Soviet Union, which threatened America.
d. the Catholic Church that be believed looked down on his own Quaker religion.
e. the liberal establishment that had fought him throughout his career.

20. As a result of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
a. white people left the South in record numbers.
b. centuries of discrimination and oppression ended.
c. white people refused to do business with Black people.
d. white southerners began to court Black votes.
e. the South became strongly Democratic.

21. President Nixon's 1970 invasion of Cambodia led to
a. a successful suppression of Viet Cong gains in South Vietnam.
b. congressional approval for an expanded war effort.
c. a growing threat from the Soviet Union to enter the war on the side of North Vietnam.
d. dramatic new waves of bitter domestic protest against the war.
e. an end to the secret American bombing campaign against Cambodia.

22. During the Vietnam War, President Lyndon Johnson ordered the CIA, in clear violation of its charter, to
a. lead an invasion of Cambodia.
b. spy on domestic antiwar protestors.
c. infiltrate FBI headquarters.
d. help destabilize the government of Thailand.
e. protect prowar presidential candidates.

23. The attempt to nominate an anti-war Democratic candidate for president in 1968 suffered a crippling blow when
a. Senator Eugene McCarthy withdrew from the race before the Democratic convention.
b. Senator Robert Kennedy was assassinated after winning the California primary.
c. pro-war vice president Hubert Humphrey won the Oregon and California primaries.
d. militant leftist demonstrators at the Chicago convention caused a backlash in favor of Humphrey.
e. public opinion turned back in favor of the war after the Tet offensive.

24. Richard Nixon's Vietnam policy included all of the following EXCEPT
a. Vietnamization.
b. extension of the war to Cambodia.
c. massive bombing campaigns in Vietnam.
d. increased American troop commitments.
e. creating a draft lottery and reducing draft calls.

25. The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Earl Warren, outraged religious conservatives in 1962-1963 when it
a. declared a woman's right to an abortion.
b. ruled that prayer and Bible reading in public schools violated the First Amendment.
c. prohibited the display of religious symbols in government buildings.
d. ruled that parochial schools and parochial students could not receive government funding or any
assistance.
e. declared that the practice of having congressional chaplains was unconstitutional.

26. To control creeping inflation in the early 1970s, President Richard Nixon
a. imposed a 90-day wage and price freeze.
b. put the United States back on the gold standard.
c. sought a system of international currency stabilization.
d. lowered Social Security payments.
e. pressured the Federal Reserve Board to raise interest rates.

27. President Nixon's policy of Vietnamization of the war in Vietnam called for
a. a gradual handover of the ground war to the South Vietnamese.
b. a full-scale conventional invasion of North Vietnam.
c. reorganization of the American army in Vietnam into antiguerrilla units.
d. an end to all American military and economic aid to South Vietnam.
e. a new emphasis on the aerial bombing of North Vietnam.

28. The site of the first major militant protest on behalf of gay liberation in 1969 was
a. the Mattachine Society headquarters (Los Angeles).
b. Fire Island, New York.
c. Key West, Florida.
d. Indiana University (Bloomington, Indiana).
e. the Stonewall Inn (New York City).

29. The political challenge to President Johnson's Vietnam policies gained great momentum when
a. the Senate voted to cut off funds for any further escalation of the war.
b. the favorite for the Republican nomination, Richard Nixon, began opposing the war.
c. third-party challenger George Wallace began criticizing Johnson.
d. Vice President Hubert Humphrey turned against Johnson's policies.
e. Senator Eugene McCarthy nearly defeated Johnson in the New Hampshire Democratic primary.

30. The difference between Lyndon Johnson's affirmative action programs and those of Richard Nixon was
a. very small.
b. that Johnson intended his to help groups and Nixon intended his to help individuals.
c. that Nixon's actions applied only to educational opportunities and did nothing for employment, while
Johnson's helped both.
d. that Johnson intended to help individuals against discrimination in employment and education, but Nixon
conferred employment and educational privileges on specific groups.
e. that Johnson established quotas and Nixon ended them.

31. The 1967 Six-Day War intensified the Arab-Israeli conflict by bringing into constant, direct conflict
a. Americans and Israelis.
b. Israel and Saudi Arabia.
c. Israel and the United States on the one hand and the Arabs and the Soviet Union on the other.
d. the Israeli government and Jewish settlers on the West Bank.
e. Israelis and Palestinians.

32. All of the following were created during Richard Nixon's presidency EXCEPT
a. the Environmental Protection Agency.
b. Supplemental Security Income for the blind, disabled, and indigent aged.
c. the Endangered Species Act.
d. the Occupational Health and Safety Administration.
e. the Medicare program.

33. The Supreme Court's Miranda and Escobedo decisions came under sharp attack from many conservatives
because they
a. prohibited any official recognition of religion in public education.
b. guaranteed the rights of criminal suspects against mistreatment by the police.
c. overturned laws prohibiting unnatural sexual acts.
d. upheld laws requiring busing to achieve racial balance in public schools.
e. upheld laws prohibiting private property owners from polluting rivers and lakes.

34. When it came to welfare programs, Richard Nixon
a. sought to exclude African Americans.
b. tried to repeal only food stamps and Medicaid.
c. did little to reduce the poverty rate.
d. did his best to do away with Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs.
e. supported significant expansion in many areas.

35. Aerial bombardment in Vietnam by the Johnson administration
a. worked very well.
b. strengthened the communists' will in North Vietnam and in South Vietnam to resist American efforts to
persuade them to sue for peace.
c. strengthened the will of America's South Vietnamese allies to fight.
d. had no effect on the war.
e. destroyed North Vietnamese industry.

36. By 1972, public schools in the South were
a. integrated at higher rates than schools in the North.
b. integrated at lower rates than schools in the North.
c. taught primarily by teachers trained in northern colleges.
d. continuing to close their doors rather than admit Black students to all-white schools.
e. the final hold-outs against efforts at racial equality.

37. The spoiler third-party candidate for president in 1968 was
a. Nelson Rockefeller.
b. Hubert H. Humphrey.
c. Eugene McCarthy.
d. George Wallace.
e. Curtis LeMay.

38. The Watts riot in 1965 symbolized
a. the still-troubled racial situation in the South.
b. the rise of the Black Muslim movement in Los Angeles.
c. a more militant and confrontational phase of the Civil Rights movement.
d. the power of Martin Luther King in the Black community.
e. the ineffectiveness of the Voting Rights Act.

39. The focal point of congressional opposition to Lyndon Johnson's Vietnam War policy was
a. the Republican party in both the Senate and the House.
b. the Senate office of Vice President Hubert Humphrey.
c. Senator Richard Russell's Armed Services Committee.
d. the House Ways and Means Committee.
e. Senator William Fulbright's Foreign Relations Committee.

40. The most serious blow to Lyndon Johnson's Vietnam policy
a. came with the bombing of Cambodia.
b. occurred when Defense Secretary Robert McNamara resigned.
c. was the Tet offensive of 1968.
d. occurred when Senator J. William Fulbright's Foreign Relations Committee held public hearings on the
war.
e. came with the revelation that the Tonkin Gulf attacks had been provoked by the United States.

41. The 1968 Democratic party convention witnessed
a. a long deadlock over the nomination of its presidential candidate.
b. a violent conflict between police and anti-war demonstrators outside the convention hall.
c. a walkout by hundreds of southern delegates, who then founded the Independent party.
d. the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy soon after he delivered a speech at the convention.
e. the enthusiastic nomination of Vice President Humphrey.

42. Some advocates of Black Power, recalling the Black nationalist movement of Marcus Garvey, made the
movement the basis for
a. emphasizing African American distinctiveness and separatism.
b. upholding the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr.
c. violent overthrow of the U.S. government.
d. encouraging the end of racially based identity and culture.
e. promoting affirmative action in education and employment.

43. Both major-party presidential candidates in 1968 agreed that the United States should
a. negotiate an immediate end to the Vietnam War.
b. withdraw U.S. troops to safe enclaves.
c. withdraw American forces from Vietnam.
d. escalate the bombing of North Vietnam.
e. continue the war in pursuit of an honorable peace.

44. In the worldwide youthful protests of 1968, the movement in ____ succeeded in toppling the government, while
the movement in ____ ended in harsh repression and failure.
a. the United States; France
b. Poland; France
c. Germany; Britain
d. France; Czechoslovakia
e. Japan; the United States

45. The ____ Amendment ____ the voting age to ____.
a. Twenty-Sixth; raised; twenty-one
b. Twenty-Fourth; lowered; eighteen
c. Twenty-Fifth; raised; nineteen
d. Twenty-Sixth; lowered; eighteen
e. Twenty-Sixth; lowered; sixteen

46. Richard Nixon's Philadelphia Plan
a. was a direct attack on affirmative action.
b. aimed at giving direct economic assistance to business.
c. attempted to counter the Supreme Court's opposition to affirmative action.
d. required construction trade unions to establish timetables and goals for hiring black apprentices.
e. aimed to renovate inner cities like those in Philadelphia.

47. The Nixon administration still reflected a staunch anticommunist policy when it engaged in covert operations to
overthrow the elected leftist government of
a. Cuba.
b. Mexico.
c. China.
d. Chile.
e. Brazil.

48. By the late 1960s, Black Power advocates in the North focused their attention primarily on
a. housing.
b. school integration.
c. voting rights.
d. Black separation.
e. economic demands.

49. The militant African-American leader who most directly challenged Martin Luther King, Jr.'s goal of peaceful
integration was
a. Medgar Evers.
b. Malcolm X.
c. Fannie Lou Hamer.
d. Andrew Young.
e. Ralph Abernathy.

50. As part of the cease-fire agreement in Vietnam in 1973
a. the United States ended the bombing of Cambodia.
b. the United States stopped all economic and military aid to South Vietnam.
c. North Vietnam withdrew all its troops from South Vietnam.
d. North Vietnam guaranteed the political independence and security of South Vietnam.
e. the United States withdrew all its troops from Vietnam.

51. In 1971, a group of Vietnam War veterans in the U.S.
a. tossed their medals in front of the Capitol building to protest against the war.
b. fought the antiwar movement with a demonstration on behalf of U.S. soldiers.
c. protested the lack of medical care and benefits for returning soldiers.
d. encouraged young men in Times Square, NY, to enlist in the U.S. military.
e. supported expanded roles for women in the military.

52. As a result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
a. the sources of immigration shifted to Latin America and Asia.
b. the number of immigrants entering the country was reduced.
c. the racial and ethnic makeup of the country was unchanged.
d. the sources of immigration tilted to Eastern Europe.
e. None of these choices are correct.

53. The landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 accomplished all of the following EXCEPT
a. creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
b. prohibiting discrimination based on gender.
c. banning sexual as well as racial discrimination.
d. banning racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public.
e. requiring affirmative action against discrimination.