Franklin Roosevelt undermined the London Economic Conference because
a. the delegates refused to work on reviving international trade.
b. its members insisted on rigid adherence to the gold standard.
c. such an agreement would involve the United States militarily with the League of Nations.
d. it was dominated by British and Swiss bankers.
e. any agreement to stabilize national currencies might hurt America's recovery from depression.
e
The spending of enormous sums on the original atomic bomb project was spurred by the belief that
a. a nuclear weapon was the only way to win the war.
b. the Germans might acquire such a weapon first.
c. the Japanese were at work on an atomic bomb project of their own.
d. scientists like Albert Einstein might be lost to the war effort.
e. the American public would not tolerate the casualties that would result from a land invasion of Japan.
b
The Potsdam conference
a. concluded that the Soviet Union would enter the war in the Pacific.
b. was Franklin Roosevelt's last meeting with Churchill and Stalin.
c. brought France and China in as part of the Big Five.
d. issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or be destroyed.
e. determined the fate of Eastern Europe.
d
The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was turned following the Battle of
a. Midway
b. Bataan and Corregidor.
c. Guadalcanal.
d. the Coral Sea.
e. Leyte Gulf.
a
One of the most valuable contributions of Native Americans to the war effort was
a. as nurses and cooks on military bases.
b. as code talkers who transmitted war messages into their native languages.
c. as farmers who helped expand crop output for soldiers on the front.
d. as arms experts who consulted with generals and military planners.
e. None of these
b
African Americans did all of the following during World War II except
a. move north and west in large numbers.
b. fight in integrated combat units.
c. form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality.
d. serve in the Army Air Corps.
e. rally behind the slogan "Double V" (victory over dictators abroad and racism at home).
b
The employment of more than six million women in American industry during World War II led to
a. the establishment of day-care centers by the government.
b. a greater percentage of American women in war industries than anywhere else in the world.
c. a reduction in employment for black males.
d. a strong desire of most women to work for wages.
e. equal pay for men and women.
a
While most American workers were strongly committed to the war effort, wartime production was disrupted by strikes led by the
a. United Mine Workers.
b. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
c. Industrial Workers of the World.
d. Longshoremen's International Union.
e. Teamsters.
a
During World War II, the United States government commissioned the production of synthetic ____ in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in East Asia.
a. plastics.
b. textiles.
c. rubber.
d. tin.
e. fuels.
c
Despite the demands of the wartime economy, inflation was kept well in check during the war by
a. prosecuting war profiteers and black marketers who tried to earn windfall profits.
b. sharply constricting the flow of credit from the Federal Reserve Board.
c. directing production to whatever goods were in most demand.
d. federally imposed wage and price controls.
e. permitting large numbers of illegal migrants to enter the work force.
d
The impact of World War II on many of the New Deal programs launched during the Great Depression was that they
a. became an established fixture of U.S. government programs.
b. provided much-needed jobs for the poor.
c. were expanded to gear up for wartime production.
d. None of these
e. were retired due to wartime production.
e
All of the following are true statements about the effect of Executive Order No. 9066 on Japanese living in the U.S. except
a. The U.S. Supreme Court declared the Japanese relocation unconstitutional.
b. they were put in internment camps.
c. they were victims of anti-Japanese prejudice.
d. The U.S. government officially apologized four decades later and gave each camp survivor $20,000.
e. they lost hundreds of millions of dollars in property and lost wages.
a
The fundamental strategic decision of World War II made by President Roosevelt and the British at the very beginning of the war was to
a. concentrate first on the war in Europe and to place the Pacific war against Japan on the back burner.
b. arouse the American people to an idealistic crusade of the same sort that Woodrow Wilson had so effectively used in World War I.
c. plan for a second front in Western Europe as soon as possible.
d. force Italy out of the war first by attacking the soft underbelly of Europe.
e. fight an equally vigorous naval war against Japan and a land war against Germany and Italy.
a
Those opposed to the Lend-Lease program, such as members of Massachusetts' Woman's Political Club, feared that
a. None of these
b. the lending countries would default on their debt.
c. it would eventually draw the nation into the war itself.
d. All of these
c. it was in violation of America's strict neutrality.
c
Franklin Roosevelt was motivated to run for a third term in 1940 mainly by his
a. belief that America needed his experienced leadership during the international crisis.
b. mania for power.
c. personal desire to defeat his old political rival, Wendell Willkie.
d. belief that the two-term tradition limited democratic choice.
e. opposition to Willkie's pledge to restore a strict policy of American neutrality.
a
Shortly after Adolf Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union
a. the Germans invaded Finland.
b. Britain and France signed a similar agreement.
c. Germany invaded Poland and started World War II.
d. Italy signed a similar agreement with the Soviets.
e. the Soviets attacked China.
c
In promising to grant the Philippines independence, the United States was motivated by
a. the view that the islands were militarily indefensible.
b. regrets over their imperialistic takeover in 1898.
c. treaty obligations.
d. the realization that the islands were economic liabilities.
e. doubts about the islands' potential profitability.
d
In September 1938 in Munich, Germany,
a. Hitler signed the Axis Alliance Treaty with Japan.
b. Britain and France acquiesced to the German reoccupation of the Rhineland.
c. Hitler declared his intention to take Austria.
d. Britain and France declared that an invasion of Poland would mean war.
e. Britain and France consented to Germany's taking the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.
e
Franklin Roosevelt's sensational Quarantine Speech in 1937 resulted in
a. a modification of the Neutrality Acts.
b. a wave of protest by isolationists.
c. support from both Democratic and Republican leaders.
d. a slowing of Japanese aggression in China.
e. a belief in Europe that America would stop fascist aggression.
b
The 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
a. raised America's tariff schedule.
b. inhibited President Roosevelt's efforts to implement his Good Neighbor policy.
c. was aimed at isolating Italy and Germany.
d. was most strongly opposed in the South and West.
e. increased America's foreign trade.
e
As part of his Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America, President Roosevelt developed more generous policies of
a. returning the Guantanamo naval base to Cuban control.
b. moving Puerto Rico toward its independence.
c. supporting Latin American strongmen in Argentina and Brazil.
d. removing American controls on Haiti, Cuba, and Panama.
e. encouraging Mexican immigration into the United States
d
Roosevelt's recognition of the Soviet Union was undertaken partly
a. in order to win support from American Catholics.
b. because the Soviet leadership seemed to be modifying its harsher communist policies.
c. to open opportunities for American investment in Siberian oil fields.
d. in hope of developing a diplomatic counterweight to the rising power of Japan and Germany.
e. to win favor with American liberals and leftists.
d
As a result of Franklin Roosevelt's withdrawal from the London Economic Conference
a. tensions rose between the United States and Britain.
b. inflation in the United States was reduced.
c. the United States was voted out of the League of Nations.
d. the United States began to pull out of the Depression.
e. the trend toward extreme nationalism was strengthened.
e
Overall, most ethnic groups in the United States during World War II
a. were further assimilated into American society.
b. cast their vote for Republican candidates opposed to the war.
c. were not allowed to serve in the military.
d. had their patriotism questioned as in World War I.
e. served in ethnically distinct military units.
a
Throughout most of the 1930s, the American people responded to the aggressive actions of Germany, Italy, and Japan by
a. giving only economic help to the targets of aggression.
b. beginning to build up their military forces.
c. retreating further into isolationism.
d. assisting their victims with military aid.
e. demanding an oil embargo on all warring nations.
c
Efforts to bring large numbers of Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany to the United States were largely blocked by
a. restrictive immigration laws and opposition from southern Democrats and the State Department.
b. Zionist organizations that wanted to steer Jewish immigration to Israel, not the United States.
c. pro-Nazi and anti-Semitic organizations within the United States.
d. internal tensions between German-Jewish and eastern European Jewish communities in the United States.
e. the inability to find sufficient passenger ships to bring refugees across the Atlantic to the United States.
a
During the 1930s, the United States admitted _________ Jewish refugees from Nazism.
a. almost no
b. about one million
c. about 150,000
d. only a handful of highly educated
e. nearly six milliln
c
Congress's first response to the unexpected fall of France in 1940 was to
a. expand naval patrols in the Atlantic.
b. revoke all the neutrality laws.
c. call for the quarantining of aggressor nations.
d. pass a conscription law.
e. enact a new neutrality law enabling the Allies to buy American war materials on a cash-and-carry basis.
d
In 1940, in exchange for American destroyers, the British gave the United States
a. a role in developing the atomic bomb.
b. six airbases in Scotland and Iceland.
c. eight valuable naval bases in the Western hemisphere.
d. access to German military codes.
e. "most favored nation" status.
c
By 1940, a strong majority of American public opinion had come to favor
a. the America First position.
b. active participation in the war.
c. providing Britain "all aid short of war."
d. permitting U.S. volunteers to fight in Britain.
e. shipping Britain everything except military weapons.
c
The surprise Republican presidential nominee in 1940 was
a. Robert A. Taft
b. Thomas E. Dewey
c. Charles A. Lindberg
d. Wendell L. Wilkie
e. Alfred E. Landon
d
When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the United States
a. promised aid to the Soviets but did not deliver.
b. refused to provide any help, either military or economic.
c. sent U.S. ships to Soviet naval bases.
d. gave only nonmilitary aid to Russia.
e. made lend-lease aid available to the Soviets.
e
By 1941, Japan believed that it had no alternative to war with the United States because Franklin Roosevelt absolutely insisted that Japan
a. withdraw from the Dutch East Indies.
b. break its treaty of nonaggression with Germany.
c. withdraw from China.
d. stop attempting to become a dominant Pacific naval power.
e. renew its trade with America.
c
Once at war, America's first great challenge was to
a. extend aid to the Soviet Union.
b. develop atomic weapons.
c. retool its industry for all-out war production.
d. raise an army and navy.
e. pass a conscription law.
c
Historians look to the fact that many women wanted to keep working and did after the war as
a. foreshadowing the eventual revolution in women's roles in America.
b. facilitating the increasing divorce rate.
c. helping to expand the nation's economy.
d. None of these
e. fueling the rise of home-buying across America.
a
Japanese Americans were placed in concentration camps during World War II
a. in retaliation for the placement of Americans in concentration camps by the Japanese.
b. All of these
c. as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear.
d. because many were loyal to Japan.
e. due to numerous acts of sabotage.
c
The first naval battle in history in which all of the fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft was the Battle of
a. Iwo Jima.
b. the Coral Sea.
c. Leyte Gulf.
d. Midway.
The Java Sea.
b
In waging war against Japan, the United States relied mainly on a strategy of
a. invading Japanese strongholds in Southeast Asia.
b. turning the Japanese flanks in New Guinea and Alaska.
c. island hopping across the South Pacific while bypassing Japanese strongholds.
d. heavy bombing from Chinese air bases.
e. fortifying China by transporting supplies from India over the Himalayan hump.
c
The Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 because
a. the wanted to wait until Germany and the Soviet Union had badly bloodied each other.
b. the British were fearful of becoming bogged down in a ground war in France.
c. men and material were needed more urgently in the Pacific.
d. the Soviet Union requested a delay until they could coordinate attacks on the eastern and western fronts.
e. they believed that North Africa was more strategically vital.
b
Hitler's advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of ________, after which his fortunes gradually declined.
a. El Alamein
b. Stalingrad
c. the Bulge
d. Britain
e. Monte Cassino
b
Until Spring 1943, perhaps Hitler's greatest opportunities of defeating Britain and winning the war was
a. the defeatism of pro-fascist elements within upper-class British society.
b. was that German U-boats would destroy Allied shipping.
c. that the American-British-Soviet alliance would collapse.
d. that General Rommel would conquer Egypt and the Suez Canal.
e. the possibility of a successful invasion across the English Channel.
b
The American conquest of _______ in 1944 was especially critical, because from there, U.S. aircraft could conduct round-trip bombing raids on the Japanese home islands.
a. Guadalcanal
b. Okinawa
c. Wake Island
d. New Guinea
e. Guam
e
Roosevelt's and Churchill's insistence on the absolute and "unconditional surrender" of Germany
a. was largely unacceptable to the Soviets, who hoped to encourage a communist revolution inside Germany.
b. encouraged anti-Hitler resisters in Germany to try to overthrow the Nazis.
c. clearly shortened the war.
d. may have prevented a "separate peace" between Hitler and Stalin.
e. guaranteed that Germany would have to be totally reconstructed after the war.
e
When the United States entered World War II in December 1941
a. a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about.
b. the conflict soon became an idealistic crusade for democracy.
c. the idea of allying with the Communist Soviet Union was repugnant.
d. the government repudiated the Atlantic Charter.
e. it took nearly two years for the country to unite.
a
About half of the women war workers said that the main reason they left the labor force at the end of World War II was
a. male discrimination on the job.
b. government requirements to hire veterans.
c. family obligations.
d. employer demands that they quit.
e. union demands.
c
During World War II, most Americans economically experienced
a. prosperity in the cities but disastrous conditions on farms and in small towns.
b. prosperity and a doubling of personal income.
c. a continuing struggle to find employment.
d. growing class conflict between the wealthy and the working class.
e. serious hardships due to rationing of essential goods.
b
During World War II, American Indians
a. moved south to replace African American laborers.
b. rarely enlisted in the armed forces.
c. promoted recovery of tribal languages.
d. demanded that President Roosevelt end discrimination in defense industries.
e. moved off reservations in large numbers.
e
The northward migration of African Americans accelerated after World War II because
a. the South made it clear that they were not wanted.
b. the southern system of sharecropping was declared illegal.
c. mechanical cotton pickers came into use.
d. Latinos had replaced blacks in the workforce.
e. northern cities had repealed segregation laws.
c
The national debt increased most during
a. World War I
b. World War II
c. Herbert Hoover's administration.
d. Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal.
e. the 1920s.
b
President Roosevelt's promise to the Soviets to open a second front in Western Europe by the end of 1942
a. was strongly supported by Churchill and British military leaders.
b. represented the key goal to which all early American military efforts were directed.
c. proved utterly impossible to keep.
d. was made to deceive Stalin and encourage him to slow his army's movement into Eastern Europe.
e. was fulfilled by the invasion of North Africa.
c
After the Italian surrender in August 1943, the
a. Americans withdrew from Italy to prepare for D-Day.
b. Allies found it easy to conquer Rome and the rest of Italy.
c. German army poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance.
d. Soviets accepted the wisdom of delaying the invasion of France and pursuing the second front in Italy.
e. British demanded the restoration of the monarchy in Italy.
c
The real impact of the Italian front on World War II may have been that it
a. enabled the Americans to appease both British and Soviet strategic demands.
b. delayed the D-Day invasion and allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into Eastern Europe.
c. prevented the rise of fascism or communism in Italy after the war.
d. enabled the United States to prevent Austria and Greece from falling into Soviet hands.
e. destroyed the monastery of Monte Cassino and other Italian artistic treasures.
b
At the wartime Teheran Conference
a. plans were made for the opening of a second front in Europe.
b. it was agreed that the five Big Powers would have veto power in the United Nations.
c. the Soviet Union agreed to allow free elections in Eastern European nations that its armies occupied at the end of the war.
d. the Soviet Union agreed to declare war on Japan within three months.
e. the Big Three allies agreed to divide postwar Germany into separate occupied zones.
a
The cross channel invasion of Normandy to open a second front in Europe was commanded by
a. George Patton.
b. Douglas MacArthur.
c. Bernard Montgomery.
d. Dwight Eisenhower.
e. Omar Bradley.
d
The most significant development in the Democratic convention of 1944 was that
a. Roosevelt's appearance at the convention revealed how physically frail he was.
b. there was growing resistance to Roosevelt's pursuit of a fourth term.
c. Roosevelt's third-term vice president, Henry Wallace, was dumped in favor of Senator Harry Truman.
d. party leaders developed a campaign that downplayed the New Deal's success.
e. the issue of civil rights came to the fore as the dominant concern of the party.
c
Hitler's last-ditch attempt to achieve a victory against the Americans and the British came in
a. the attempt to assassinate Churchill and Roosevelt.
b. an attempt to arrange a negotiated peace with Stalin.
c. the final U-boat campaign against the American navy.
d. the Battle of the Rhineland.
e. the Battle of the Bulge.
e
As result of the Battle of Leyte Gulf
a. the United States could bomb Japan from land bases.
b. Japan stalled an Allied victory.
c. Japan was finished as a naval power.
d. Admiral William F. "Bull" Halsey lost his first naval engagement.
e. Japan was nearly able to take Australia.
c
The unconditional surrender policy toward Japan was finally modified by
a. permitting the Japanese to retain a strong army but no real navy.
b. agreeing not to drop more than two atomic bombs on Japan.
c. assuring the Japanese that there would be no war crimes trials.
d. guaranteeing that defeated Japan would be treated decently by American occupiers.
e. agreeing to let the Japanese keep Emperor Hirohito on the throne.
e
Which of the following was not among the qualities of the American participation in World War II?
a. The maintenance and reaffirmation of the strength of American democracy.
b. A group of highly effective military and political leaders.
c. The preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction from the air.
d. An enormously effective effort in producing weapons and supplies.
e. A higher percentage of military casualties than any other Allied nation.
e
Most of the money raised to finance World War II came through
a. raising income taxes.
b. borrowing
c. excise taxes on luxury goods.
d. tariff collections.
e. voluntary contributions.
b