The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post-Civil War years was
a. mining
b. the railroad network
c. agriculture
d. the steel industry
e. electrical power
b
All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion except
a. immigration restrictions
b. a large pool of unskilled labor
c. a political climate favoring business
d. an abundance of natural resources
e. American ingenuity and inventiveness
a
One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits was
a. elimination of as much competition as possible.
b. elimination of the tactic of vertical integration.
c. increased competition.
d. supporting a centrally planned economy.
e. funding research on new technologies.
a
During the age of industrialization, the South
a. remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.
b. held to its Old South ideology.
c. took full advantage of the new economic trends.
d. turned away from agriculture.
e. received preferential treatment from the railroads
a
Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century, industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to all of the following except
a. illness and accident.
b. sudden unemployment.
c. employers' whims.
d. new educational requirements for jobs.
e. economic swings and depressions
d
Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor
a. labor unions
b. individual entrepreneurs
c. state regulatory agencies
d. corporations
e. independent workers and craftsmen
d
The people who found fault with the captains of industry mostly argued that these men
a. tried to take the United States back to an earlier age of aristocracy.
b. had no real business ability.
c. were environmentally insensitive.
d. built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers.
e. slowed technological advances
d
The United States changed to standard time zones when
a. the major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks.
b. factories demanded standard time schedules.
c. Congress passed a law establishing this system.
d. All of these
e. long-distance telephones required standard time coordinations.
a
Two technological innovations that greatly expanded the industrial employment of women in the late nineteenth century were the
a. streetcar and the bicycle.
b. electric refrigerator and stove.
c. electric light and the phonograph.
d. typewriter and the telephone.
e. Bessemer steel process and the internal combustion engine.
d
Andrew Carnegie's system of vertical integration
a. embraced the notion of buying up competitors and forming a monopoly interest.
b. required smaller competitors to agree to standardized rates set by larger firms.
c. combined all facets of an industry, from raw material to final product, within a single company.
d. None of these.
e. created an industrial association through which member companies could wield much power.
c
Believers in the doctrine of "survival of the fittest," like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, argued that
a. the wealthy deserved their riches because they had demonstrated greater abilities than the poor.
b. fitness to survive and thrive could be proven through physical competition.
c. society owed a basic standard of living to even its weakest members.
d. there should be eugenic biological breeding to produce a superior human race.
e. only a few large corporations were fit to survive in the industrial jungle.
a
Many southerners saw employment in the textile mills as
a. the only steady jobs and wages available.
b. institutions that broke up families.
c. unacceptable
d. high-wage positions
e. a poor alternative to farming
a
The most effective and enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the
a. American Federation of Labor.
b. Knights of Columbus.
c. Congress of Industrial Organizations.
d. National Labor Union.
e. Knights of Labor.
a
Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profits were called
a. holding companies
b. pools
c. interlocking directorates
d. rebates
e. trusts
b
Which of the following was not among the common forms of corruption practiced by the wealthy railroad barons?
a. Providing free railroad passes to journalists and politicians.
b. Receiving kickbacks from powerful shippers.
c. Forcing their employees to buy railroad company stock.
d. Watering railroad stocks and bonds in order to sell them at inflated prices.
e. Bribing judges and state legislatures.
c
The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was the
a. Northern Pacific
b. Great Northern
c. New York Central
d. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
e. Union Pacific
b
The greatest economic consequence of the transcontinental network was that it
a. enabled people from farms and small towns to visit the big city.
b. united the nation into a single, integrated national market.
c. developed a skilled industrial workforce.
d. spread the U.S. population across the whole continent.
e. made it possible for some immigrants to settle in the West.
b
In the case of Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois, the U.S. Supreme Court held that state legislatures could not regulate railroads because
a. the U.S. Constitution did not permit the government to regulate private industry.
b. railroads were interstate businesses and could not be regulated by any single state.
c. the state legislatures were acting on behalf of a private interest, Illinois farmers.
d. railroad executives had committed no illegal acts in their business.
e. the Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad was incorporated in Missouri, not Illinois.
b
The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the
a. Federal Anti-Trust Commission.
b. Consumer Affairs Commission.
c. Interstate Commerce Commission.
d. Federal Communications Commission.
e. Federal Trade Commission.
c
Which of the following was not among the technologies invented or improved by Thomas A. Edison?
a. The electric light bulb
b. The motion picture
c. The phonograph
d. The electric dynamo
e. The mimeograph
d
The steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of
a. Alexander Graham Bell
b. Jay Gould
c. Thomas Edison
d. John P. Altgeld
e. Henry Bessemer
e
John D. Rockefeller's organizational technique of horizontal integration involved
a. franchising Standard Oil gasoline stations to independent operators.
b. developing multiple uses for oil in transportation, lighting, and industry.
c. creating standardized job assignments and fixed production and sales quotas for all employees.
d. controlling all phases of the oil industry from drilling to commercial retailing.
e. forcing small competitors to assign stock to Standard Oil or lose their business.
e
America's first billion-dollar corporation was
a. Standard Oil
b. General Electric (GE)
c. United States Steel
d. The Union Pacific Railroad
e. American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T)
c
The "Gospel of Wealth" endorsed by Andrew Carnegie
a. stimulated efforts to help minorities.
b. held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility in the use of their God-given money.
c. based its theology on the teachings of Jesus.
d. asserted that the more people prayed the better off they would become.
e. was opposed by most late nineteenth century clergymen.
b
Which of the following was not among the technological improvements that made the modern transcontinental railroad network possible?
a. Standard gauge tracks
b. The caboose
c. Steel rails
d. The block signal
e. Air brakes
b
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the power of
a. labor unions
b. state legislatures
c. railroad corporations
d. manufacturing corporations
e. banking syndicates
a
Most women workers of the 1890s worked for
a. retirement savings
b. economic necessity
c. independence
d. personal spending money
e. glamour
b
Which of the following is least like the other four?
a. Company town
b. Lockout
c. Yellow dog contract
d. Blacklist
e. Closed shop
e
The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would disappear when
a. labor controlled the government.
b. workers accepted the concept of craft unions.
c. labor would own and operate businesses and industry.
d. business would understand the principles of social justice.
e. the government owned the means of production.
c
One group barred from membership in the Knights of Labor was
a. non-producers
b. African Americans
c. social reformers
d. women
e. Irish
a