Second Semester APUSH Final Flashcards

The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post-Civil War years was

agriculture.

electrical power.

the steel industry.

the railroad network.

mining.

All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion except

American ingenuity and inventiveness.

an abundance of natural resources.

immigration restrictions.

a large pool of unskilled labor.

a political climate favoring business.

One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits was

supporting a centrally planned economy.

elimination of as much competition as possible.

increased competition.

elimination of the tactic of vertical integration.

funding research on new technologies.

During the age of industrialization, the South

took full advantage of the new economic trends.

remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.

held to its Old South ideology.

turned away from agriculture.

received preferential treatment from the railroads.

Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century, industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to all of the following except

economic swings and depressions.

employers' whims.

illness and accident.

sudden unemployment.

new educational requirements for jobs.

Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor

individual entrepreneurs.

independent workers and craftsmen.

state regulatory agencies.

labor unions.

corporations.

The people who found fault with the captains of industry mostly argued that these men

slowed technological advances.

were environmentally insensitive.

tried to take the United States back to an earlier age of aristocracy.

had no real business ability.

built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers.

The United States changed to standard time zones when

factories demanded standard time schedules.

All of these

long-distance telephones required standard time coordinations.

the major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks.

Congress passed a law establishing this system.

Two technological innovations that greatly expanded the industrial employment of women in the late nineteenth century were the

electric light and the phonograph.

streetcar and the bicycle.

Bessemer steel process and the internal combustion engine.

electric refrigerator and stove.

typewriter and the telephone.

Andrew Carnegie's system of vertical integration

required smaller competitors to agree to standardized rates set by larger firms.

None of these.

embraced the notion of buying up competitors and forming a monopoly interest.

combined all facets of an industry, from raw material to final product, within a single company.

created an industrial association through which member companies could wield much power.

Believers in the doctrine of "survival of the fittest," like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, argued that

there should be eugenic biological breeding to produce a superior human race.

fitness to survive and thrive could be proven through physical competition.

society owed a basic standard of living to even its weakest members.

only a few large corporations were fit to survive in the industrial jungle.

the wealthy deserved their riches because they had demonstrated greater abilities than the poor.

Many southerners saw employment in the textile mills as

the only steady jobs and wages available.

a poor alternative to farming.

institutions that broke up families.

high-wage positions.

unacceptable.

The most effective and enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the

National Labor Union.

Congress of Industrial Organizations.

Knights of Columbus.

Knights of Labor.

American Federation of Labor

greements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profits were called

trusts.

rebates.

pools.

interlocking directorates.

holding companies.

Which of the following was not among the common forms of corruption practiced by the wealthy railroad barons?

Watering railroad stocks and bonds in order to sell them at inflated prices.

Receiving kickbacks from powerful shippers.

Forcing their employees to buy railroad company stock.

Providing free railroad passes to journalists and politicians.

Bribing judges and state legislatures.

The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was the

Union Pacific

Great Northern

New York Central

Northern Pacific

Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe

The greatest economic consequence of the transcontinental network was that it

enabled people from farms and small towns to visit the big city.

made it possible for some immigrants to settle in the West.

developed a skilled industrial workforce.

united the nation into a single, integrated national market.

spread the U.S. population across the whole continent.

`

In the case of Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois, the U.S. Supreme Court held that state legislatures could not regulate railroads because

the state legislatures were acting on behalf of a private interest, Illinois farmers.

the Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad was incorporated in Missouri, not Illinois.

the U.S. Constitution did not permit the government to regulate private industry.

railroads were interstate businesses and could not be regulated by any single state.

railroad executives had committed no illegal acts in their business.

The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the

Federal Communications Commission.

Consumer Affairs Commission.

Federal Trade Commission.

Federal Anti-Trust Commission.

Interstate Commerce Commission.

Which of the following was not among the technologies invented or improved by Thomas A. Edison?

The electric dynamo

The mimeograph

The electric light bulb

The phonograph

The motion picture

The steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of

Thomas Edison

Henry Bessemer

Jay Gould

Alexander Graham Bell

John P. Altgeld

John D. Rockefeller's organizational technique of horizontal integration involved

franchising Standard Oil gasoline stations to independent operators.

creating standardized job assignments and fixed production and sales quotas for all employees.

forcing small competitors to assign stock to Standard Oil or lose their business.

developing multiple uses for oil in transportation, lighting, and industry.

controlling all phases of the oil industry from drilling to commercial retailing.

America's first billion-dollar corporation was

American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T).

Standard Oil.

United States Steel.

The Union Pacific Railroad.

General Electric (GE).

The "Gospel of Wealth" endorsed by Andrew Carnegie

stimulated efforts to help minorities.

was opposed by most late nineteenth century clergymen.

held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility in the use of their God-given money.

based its theology on the teachings of Jesus.

asserted that the more people prayed the better off they would become.

Which of the following was not among the technological improvements that made the modern transcontinental railroad network possible?

The block signal

Air brakes

Standard gauge tracks

The caboose

Steel rails

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the power of

manufacturing corporations.

labor unions.

banking syndicates.

railroad corporations.

state legislatures.

Most women workers of the 1890s worked for

independence.

retirement savings.

glamour.

economic necessity.

personal spending money.

Which of the following is least like the other four?

Closed shop

Lockout

Company town

yellow dog contract

Blacklist

The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would disappear when

labor controlled the government.

the government owned the means of production.

workers accepted the concept of craft unions.

business would understand the principles of social justice.

labor would own and operate businesses and industry.

One group barred from membership in the Knights of Labor was

African Americans.

women.

non-producers.

Irish. social reformers.

In the election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant

owed his victory to the votes of former slaves.

gained his victory by winning the votes of a majority of whites.

demonstrated his political skills.

transformed his popularity into a large majority in the popular vote.

all of these.

New York's notoriously corrupt Boss Tweed was finally jailed under the pressure of

New York Times articles and the cartoons of Thomas Nast.

federal income tax evasion charges.

testimony by Tweed's partners in crime.

the RICO racketeering act.

New York City's ethics laws.

A major cause of the panic that broke in 1873 was

a credit crunch caused by extremely high interest rates.

the expansion of more factories, railroads and mines than existing markets would bear.

Wall Street's fears about the power of the radical Greenback Labor party.

excessive speculation in mining stocks.

the issuance of millions of dollars in greenbacks.

The major problem in the 1876 presidential election centered on

who would be Speaker of the House.

President Grant's campaign for a third term.

Samuel Tilden's association with corrupt politicians.

failure to use the secret Australian ballot in some places.

the two sets of election returns submitted by Florida, South Carolina and Louisiana.

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in

the election of a Democrat to the presidency.

a renewal of the Republican commitment to protect black civil rights in the south.

Republican support for an inflationary silver-money policy.

a plan to build the first transcontinental railroad.

the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of black rights in the south.

In the 1896 case of Plessy v Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that

segregation was unconstitutional.

literacy tests for voting were constitutional.

"separate but equal" facilities were constitutional.

the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to African Americans.

African Americans could be denied the right to vote.

At the end of Reconstruction, Southern whites disenfranchised African Americans using

poll taxes.

all of these.

economic intimidation.

literacy tests.

lynching.

Public executions and lynchings of black men in the Jim Crow South were

retaliation for violent crimes against whites.

done to scare black into moving out of the South.

all of these.

a way to force blacks back into slave-like labor.

designed to intimidate African Americans to accept second-class status.

In the wake of anti-Chinese violence in California, the United States Congress

negotiated a restricted-immigration agreement with China.

did nothing, as it was California's problem.

sent many Chinese back to their homeland.

banned the Kearneyites in San Francisco.

passed a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers to America.

Despite his status as a military hero, General Ulysses S. Grant proved to be a weak political leader because he

was personally dishonest and corrupt.

lacked political ambition.

had no political experience and was a poor judge of character.

was unable to get other to follow his lead.

did not believe in the principles of the Republican party.

The Credit Mobilier scandal involved

evasion of excise taxes on distilled liquor.

public utility company bribes.

manipulating the Wall Street stock market.

railroad construction kickbacks.

Bureau of Indian Affairs payoffs.

In the aftermath of the Civil War

Americans retained a strong sense of idealistic sacrifice.

the population of the United States declined.

concern for racial questions took precedence over economics.

waste, speculation, and corruption afflicted both business and government.

the North developed a strong sense of moral superiority.

Despite the lack of national political issues, Gilded Age elections often produced fierce local contests over culturally and religiously charged issues like

sexual morality and women's rights.

prohibition and education.

race relations and racial justice in the South.

imperialism and foreign missions.

the phrase "In God We Trust" on American currency.

The sequence of presidential terms of the "forgettable presidents" in the Gilded Age (including Cleveland's two nonconsecutive terms) was

Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, and Cleveland.

Cleveland, Hayes, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Garfield.

Garfield, Hayes, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Cleveland.

Hayes, Garfield, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Cleveland.

Cleveland, Garfield, Arthur, Hayes, Harrison, and Cleveland.

Which of these is NOT a true statement about the relationship between blacks and sharecropping in the years after Reconstruction

Sharecroppers barely scraped by economically.

As sharecroppers, blacks found themselves at the mercy of former masters who were now their landlords and creditors.

Some merchants manipulated the system so that farmers remained perpetually in debt to them.

White southerners did not work as sharecroppers.

Black sharecroppers often lived in conditions scarcely better than when they were slaves.

The major factor in drawing country people off the farms and into the big cities was the

advent of new housing structures known as dumbbell tenements.

compact nature of those large communities.

availability of industrial jobs.

development of the skyscraper.

lure of cultural excitement.

The New Immigrants who came to the United States after 1880

arrived primarily from Germans, Sweden, and Norway.

represented nonwhite racial groups.

were culturally different from previous immigrants.

received a warm welcome from the Old Immigrants.

had experience with democratic governments.

The two immigrant ethnic groups who were most harshly treated in the mid to late nineteenth century were the

Japanese and Filipinos

Germans and Swedes

French and Russians

Irish and Chinese

Spanish and Greeks

While big city political bosses and their machines were often criticized, they proved necessary and effective in the new urban environment because

they were more effective in serving urban immigrants' needs than weak state or local governments.

they were closely allied to other urban institutions like the church and big business.

they were better able to leverage grant money from the federal government.

their support for the democratic party helped to balance small-town Republican power.

they consistently upheld high ethical standards.

In the 1890s, white collar positions for women as secretaries, department store clerks, and telephone operators were largely reserved for

the college-educated.

native-born Americans.

Jews.

Irish-Americans.

African Americans.

Labor unions favored immigration restriction because most immigrants were all of the following except

used as strikebreakers.

difficult to unionize.

opposed to factory labor.

non-English speaking.

willing to work for low wages.

The American Protective Association

was led for many years by Florence Kelley and Jane Addams.

established settlement houses in several major cities in order to aid New Immigrants.

supported immigrant restrictions.

sought to organize mutual-aid associations.

preached the social gospel that churches were obligated to protect New Immigrants

The religious denomination that was most positively engaged with the New Immigration was

Episcopalians.

Roman Catholics.

Christian Scientists.

Mormons.

Baptists.

The intellectual development that seriously disturbed the churches in the late nineteenth century was the

growing awareness of non-Christian religions.

biology of Charles Darwin.

rise of theories of white racial superiority.

new geological studies.

growing feminist assault on theories of male superiority.

As a leader of the African American community, Booker T. Washington

discovered hundreds of uses for the peanut.

advocated social equality.

promoted black political activism.

helped to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

promoted black self-help but did not challenge segregation.

The success of the public schools is best evidenced by

the large number of students graduating from them.

the movement of men into the teaching profession.

the large number of average Americans going on to attend college.

the ways in which they helped assimilate massive numbers of immigrants.

the falling illiteracy rate to just over 10 percent by 1900.

Settlement houses, such as Hull House, engaged in all of the following activities except

child care.

instruction in English.

lobbying for social reform.

cultural activities.

evangelical religious instruction.

The Morrill Act of 1862

mandated racial integration in public schools.

granted public lands to states to support higher education.

required compulsory school attendance through high school.

established the modern American research university.

established women's colleges like Vassar.

Black leader, Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois

supported the goals of Booker T. Washington.

demanded complete equality for African Americans.

was an ex-slave who rose to fame.

None of these

established an industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama.

The two late-nineteenth-century newspaper publishers whose competition for circulation fueled the rise of sensationalistic yellow journalism were

Edwin L. Godkin and Stephen Crane.

Horatio Alger and Harlan E. Halsey.

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.

Henry George and Edward Bellamy.

Henry Adams and Henry James.

American newspapers expanded their circulation and public attention by

printing hard-hitting editorials.

focusing on coverage of the local community and avoiding sensationalist material.

crusading for social reform.

printing sensationalist stories of sex and scandal.

repudiating the tactics of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.

All of these were factors that increasingly made cities more attractive than farms for young adults except

electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones.

the lower cost of living.

urban nightlife.

the advent of skyscrapers and suspension bridges.

industrial jobs.

One of the early symbols of the dawning era of consumerism in urban America was

public transportation systems.

mass-production factories.

large department stores.

the Sears catalog.

advertising billboards.

Most New Immigrants

quickly assimilated into the mainstream of American life.

eventually returned to their country of origin.

tried to preserve their Old Country culture in America.

converted to mainstream Protestantism.

were subjected to stringent immigration restrictions.

By the late nineteenth century, most Old Immigrant groups from Northern and Western Europe

still maintained a primary loyalty to their country of origin, especially Ireland or Germany.

had largely abandoned their ethnically based churches, clubs, and neighborhoods.

were largely accepted as American, even though they often lived in separate ethnic neighborhoods.

were still regarded with suspicion and hostility by the majority of native Americans.

actively promoted the idea of a multicultural America.

Besides serving immigrants and the poor in urban neighborhoods, settlement workers like Jane Addams and Florence Kelley

looked down on the immigrant population they served.

actively lobbied for social reforms like anti-sweatshop laws and child labor laws.

created the new, largely female profession of teaching.

saw themselves primarily as feminists who worked to advance women's causes.

steered clear of controversial international questions like war and peace.

The new, research-oriented modern American university tended to

de-emphasize religious and moral instruction in favor of practical subjects and professional specialization.

focus primarily on theory rather than practical subjects.

give a new emphasis to the importance of religion and cultural tradition.

take the lead in movements of social and political reform.

challenge Charles Darwin's theory of organic evolution and natural selection.

Booker T. Washington believed the key to political and civil rights for African Americans was

the vote.

rigorous academic training.

the rejection of accommodationist attitudes.

to directly challenge white supremacy

economic independence and education.

In the decades after the Civil War, college education for women

became more difficult to obtain.

blossomed especially in the South.

was confined to women's colleges.

resulted in the passage of the Hatch Act.

became much more common.

The growing prohibition movement especially reflected the concerns of

the poor and working classes.

middle class women.

industrial labor unions.

big business.

the new immigrants.

Which of the following sports was not developed in the decades following the Civil War?

Baseball

Croquet

Basketball

Bicycling

College football

ne of the most important factors leading to an increased divorce rate in the late nineteenth century was the

emerging feminist movement.

passage of more liberal divorce laws.

decline in farm income.

decline of religious organizations.

stresses of urban life.

In his book, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, the Reverend Josiah Strong advocated American expansion to

spread American religion and values to backward nations.

open up new markets for industrial goods.

maintain the international balance of power.

ease labor violence at home.

demonstrate and maintain white racial superiority.

A major factor in the shift in American foreign policy toward imperialism in the late nineteenth century was the

closing of the frontier.

need for overseas markets for increased industrial and agricultural production.

construction of an American-built isthmian canal between the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

desire for more farmland.

need for subservient populations to replace freed slaves.

Alfred Thayer Mahan argued that

the United States should immediately build an isthmian canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

the United States should construct a fleet of battleships.

free trade was essential to a nation's economic health.

the United States should continue its policy of isolationism.

control of the sea was the key to world domination.

The near-war between the United States and Britain over the Venezuela boundary crisis ultimately resulted in

British concessions of the disputed territory to Venezuela.

a brief war between Venezuela and British Guiana.

a naval arms race between the United States and Britain.

a growing diplomatic reconciliation between the two English-speaking countries.

stationing United States marines along the disputed border.

One reason that the white sugar lords tried to overthrow native Hawaiian rule and annex the islands to the United States was they

sought to control American foreign policy in the Pacific.

found the government of Queen Liliuokalani repressive and inefficient.

intended to force the growing native Hawaiian population to become indentured plantation laborers.

wanted to convert the native Hawaiians and East Asian immigrants to Christianity.

feared that Japan might intervene in Hawaii on behalf of abused Japanese imported laborers.

Which of the following prominent American leaders was least enthusiastic about U.S. imperialistic adventures in the 1890s?

William Randolph Hearst

Theodore Roosevelt

Alfred Thayer Mahan

William McKinley

Grover Cleveland

Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani was forced from power in 1893 because

she opposed annexation to the United States and insisted that native Hawaiians should continue to control Hawaii.

President Grover Cleveland believed that U.S. national honor required control of the Hawaiian government.

she refused to allow Christian missionaries in her country.

Hawaiian agriculture had failed under her leadership.

many Hawaiians found her rule corrupt.

The actual purpose of the battleship Maine's visit to Cuba was to

protect and evacuate American citizens from the island.

prepare for the intervention by the U.S. marines if necessary.

stop rioting by the Cuban rebels.

provoke a war with Spain.

offer a way for Cuban rebels to escape to Florida.

The Teller Amendment

stated that Cuba would become an American possession.

granted the United States a permanent base at Guantanamo Bay.

directed President McKinley to order American troops into Cuba.

guaranteed that the United States would support Cuban independence after Spain was ousted.

appropriate funds to combat yellow fever in Cuba.

President William McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain mainly because

the American public and many leading Republicans demanded it.

the Spanish government had directly insulted the United States.

the business community favored it.

it became clear that there was no other way to obtain Cuban independence.

the Teller Amendment guaranteed that the United States would not establish colonial control of Cuba.

The Philippine nationalist who led the insurrection against both Spanish rule and the later United States occupation was

Pasqual de Cervera

Dupuy de Lome

Emilio Aguinaldo

Jonathon Martinez

Valeriano Weyler

The most successful American military action during the Spanish-American War was largely due to

the strategic skill of U.S. military leadership.

effective collaboration between U.S. forces and Cuban and Filipino rebels.

the efficient logistical support for U.S. forces provided by the War Department.

effective use of the new steel navy.

the well-trained U.S. Army.

The greatest loss of life for American fighting men during the Spanish-American War resulted from

naval battles in the Caribbean.

the war in the Philippines.

sickness in both Cuba and the United States.

land battles in the Cuban campaign.

the bungling of unprofessional military volunteers.

All of the following became possessions of the United States under the provisions of the Treaty of Paris with Spain except

Hawaii.

Manila.

Puerto Rico.

Guam.

the Philippine Islands.

American imperialists who advocated acquisition of the Philippines especially stressed

their economic potential for American businessmen seeking trade with China and other Asian nations.

their strategic advantage for American naval operations.

their potential as a military base for defense of the Pacific.

the Filipino's own preference that their archipelago become an American protectorate.

the opportunity that they presented for Christian missionary work.

Anti-imperialists presented all of the following arguments against acquiring the Philippine Islands except that

imperialism was likely to be more costly than profitable.

annexation would propel the United States into the political and military cauldron of East Asia.

despotism abroad might lead to despotism at home.

it would violate "the consent of the governed" philosophy of the Declaration of Independence.

the islands were still rightfully Spain's, since they were taken after the armistice had been signed.

Starting in 1917, many Puerto Ricans came to the mainland United States seeking

political refuge.

employment.

citizenship.

to learn English.

independence.

On the question of whether American laws applied to the overseas territory acquired in the Spanish-American War, the Supreme Court ruled in the Insular Cases that

only the Bill of Rights applied.

only tariff laws could be enforced.

the president could determine which U.S. laws applied in U.S. colonies.

the American Constitution and laws did not apply to U.S. colonies.

federal but not state laws applied.

The American war against the Philippine insurrectionists promoting Philippine independence

resulted in torture and atrocities committed by both sides.

was highly popular in the United States.

was won with fewer casualties than the war in Cuba.

was remarkable for its avoidance of civilian casualties.

was waged in accord with traditional American ideals.

Many Americans became concerned about the increasing foreign intervention in China because they

wanted the United States to have exclusive trade rights with the Chinese.

disliked the superior racial attitudes displayed by the Europeans toward the Chinese..

believed that such intervention undermined Chinese sovereignty.

feared that American missions would be jeopardized and Chinese markets closed to non-Europeans.

feared German military domination of China.

America's initial Open Door policy was essentially an argument to promote

free trade in China.

the principle of self-determination.

equal spheres of influence in China.

exclusive trade concessions for the U.S. in Shanghai.

military protection for the Chinese emperor.

China's Boxer Rebellion was an attempt to

restore traditional Chinese religion.

throw out or kill all foreigners.

establish American power in the Far East.

overthrow the corrupt Chinese government.

destroy the Open Door policy.

Construction of an isthmian canal across Central America was motivated mainly by

American economic interests in Central America.

America's growing economic interests in Asia.

the Panamanian Revolution.

the British rejection of the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty.

a desire to improve defense by allowing rapid naval movements between two oceans.

Theodore Roosevelt strongly encouraged the Panamanians to revolt against Columbia because

he regarded the Columbians as racially inferior.

the Columbian senate had rejected the American offer to buy a canal route across Panama.

he wanted to establish a permanent U.S. military base in the region.

Roosevelt was personal friends with the Panamanian engineer Bunau-Varilla.

he thought they would not charge as much for a canal route as the Columbians.

The Roosevelt Corollary added a new provision to the Monroe Doctrine that was specifically designed to

establish a friendly partnership with Britain so that it could join the United States in policing Latin American affairs.

stop European colonization in the Western Hemisphere.

enabled the United States to rule Puerto Rico and the Canal Zone.

restore cordial relations between the United States and Latin American countries.

justify U.S. intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries.

The United States' frequent intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries in the early twentieth century

was appreciated in the region as an effective cloak of defense against European threats

. established political stability in the area.

was intended to spread democracy in the region.

was a "Bad Neighbor" policy that left a legacy of ill will and distrust of the United States throughout Latin America.

departed from Theodore Roosevelt's big-stick diplomacy.

The primary diplomatic result of Roosevelt's diplomatic ending of the Russo-Japanese War was that

China began to seek an alliance with the United States in order to check Japan and Russia.

U.S. relations with Japan improved.

U.S. relations with Russia improved.

both Japan and Russia became increasingly hostile to the United States.

the United States began to ally itself with Russia against Japan.

Historians have argued that race and gender were important in Roosevelt's and other's justifications for imperialism because these imperialists

regarded blacks as primitive and Anglo-Saxons as civilized.

saw the nation as becoming soft and feminine since the frontier closed.

All of these

claimed American society had lost touch with manly virtues.

perceived other nations as at the bottom of a strict racial hierarchy.

The real heart of the progressive movement was the effort by reformers to

use the government as an agency of human welfare.

ensure the Jeffersonian style of government.

preserve world peace.

get the government off the backs of the people.

promote economic and social equality.

Female progressives often justified their reformist political activities on the basis of

America's need to catch up with more progressive European nations. t

he harsh treatment of working women by employers.

the need to assert female power against male oppression.

their being essentially an extension of women's traditional roles as wives and mothers.

women's inherent rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

The religious movement that was closely linked to progressivism was

the Catholic Action movement.

the Social Gospel.

the missionary movement.

the Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Association.

conservative evangelicalism.

Lincoln Steffens, in his series of articles entitled The Shame of the Cities

unmasked the corporate alliance between big business and municipal government.

uncovered official collusion in prostitution and white slavery.

laid bare insider trading practices on the stock market.

exposed the United States Senate as a millionaire's club.

exposed the deplorable conditions of blacks in urban areas.

Most muckrakers believed that their primary function in the progressive attack on the social ills was to

make the public aware of social problems.

formulate a consistent philosophy on social reform.

explain the causes of social ills.

link up with movements for social justice.

devise solutions to society's problems.

The leading progressive organization advocating prohibition of liquor was

Hull House.

the General Federation of Women's Clubs.

the National Consumers League.

the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

the Progressive Party.

The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution was a key progressive reform designed to

make Senators directly elected and end the Senate millionaire's club.

end the corrupt and family-destroying influence of the liquor industry.

enable the President to be elected directly by the people rather than by the electoral college.

prohibit child labor.

guarantee the secret Australian ballot in all federal elections.

According to progressives, the cure for all of American democracy's ills was

a third political party.

socialism.

more democracy.

a more conservative government.

technical and scientific expertise.

All of the following were prime goals of earnest progressives except

treating women in the workplace exactly the same as men.

prohibition.

ending prostitution and white slavery.

the direct election of senators.

women's suffrage.

In Mueller v. Oregon, the Supreme Court upheld the principal promoted by progressives like Florence Kelley and Louis Brandeis that

women's factory labor should be limited to ten hours a day, five days a week.

female workers required special rules and protection on the job.

the federal government should regulate occupational safety and health.

child labor under the age of fourteen should be prohibited.

female workers should receive equal pay for equal work.

The case of Lochner v. New York represented a setback for progressives and labor advocates because in its ruling, the Supreme Court

ruled that fire and safety regulations were local and not state or federal concerns.

upheld the constitutionality of a law enabling business to fire labor organizers.

declared a law limiting work to ten hours a day unconstitutional.

declared unconstitutional a law providing special protection for women workers.

declared that prohibiting child labor would require a constitutional amendment.

Teddy Roosevelt helped to end the 1902 strike in the anthracite coal mines by

threatening to seize the mines and to operate them with federal troops.

appealing to mine owners' and workers' sense of the public interest.

helping the mine owners to import strike-breakers.

using the military to force the miners back to work.

passing legislation making the miners' union illegal.

The Elkins and Hepburn Acts were designed to

regulate municipal utilities and end private utility monopolies.

end the corrupt and exploitative practices by the railroad trusts.

provide federal protection for natural resources.

guarantee the purity of food and drugs.

improve women's working conditions.

Teddy Roosevelt believed that large corporate trusts

should be balanced by strong labor unions.

were simply too powerful to be broken up or regulated

. had to all be busted up if the American economy were to thrive.

were bad only if they acted as monopolies against the public interest

. were essential to American national power and economic growth.

Passage of the federal Meat Inspection Act was inspired by the publication of

Jack London's The Call of the Wild.

Jacob Riis's How the Other Half Lives.

Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.

Henry Demarest Lloyd's Wealth Against Commonwealth.

Theodore Dreiser's The Titan.

According to the text, Teddy Roosevelt's most important and enduring achievement may have been

busting the corporate monopoly trusts.

mediating an end to the Russo-Japanese War.

protecting the American consumer.

building the Panama Canal.

conserving American resources and protecting the environment.

The western preservationists suffered their worst political setback when

private developers were allowed to cut off public access to the Pacific Coast beaches.

California's Hetch Hetchy Valley was dammed to supply water to San Francisco.

the Yosemite National Park was opened to motor vehicles.

California refused to control suburban sprawl into fragile mountain and desert areas.

the city of Los Angeles built canals to bring water from the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

President Taft's foreign policy was dubbed

sphere-of-influence diplomacy.

big-stick diplomacy.

dollar diplomacy.

the Good Neighbor policy.

the Open Door policy.

Teddy Roosevelt decided to run for the presidency in 1912 because

Senator Robert La Follette encouraged him to do so.

William Howard Taft had seemed to discard Roosevelt's progressive policies.

the Democratic party was split.

Taft decided not to run for a second term.

Woodrow Wilson appeared to be a very strong democratic candidate.

The settlement house and women's club movements were crucial centers of female progressive activity because they

provided literary and philosophical perspectives on social questions.

helped slum children to read Dante and Shakespeare.

became the launching pads for women seeking political office.

broke down the idea that women had special concerns as wives and mothers.

introduced many middle-class women to a broader array of urban social problems and civic concerns.

While president, Theodore Roosevelt chose to label his reform proposals as the

Square Deal

Fair Deal

Big Stick

Big Deal

New Deal

Activists in the anti-liquor campaigns saw saloons and alcohol as intimately linked with

None of these

drunken voters.

All of these

crooked city officials, paid off by liquor companies.

prostitution.

Teddy Roosevelt weakened himself politically after his election in 1904 when he

announced that he would not be a candidate for a third term as president.

supported the Federal Reserve Act.

got into a quarrel with his popular Secretary of War, William Taft.

began to reduce his trust-busting activity.

refused to do anything in response to the Roosevelt Panic.

Progressive reformers included which of the following?

All of these

Female settlement workers

Pacifists

Labor unionists

Militarists

The public outcry after the horrible Triangle Shirtwaist fire led many states to pass

laws guaranteeing unions the right to raise safety concerns.

zoning regulations governing where dangerous industrial factories could be located.

laws from preventing women from working in the needle trades.

laws requiring mandatory fire escapes for all businesses employing more than 10 people.

anti-sweatshop and workers' compensation laws for job injuries.

By 1910, all of the following were true about women's efforts to gain the vote except

reformers embraced votes for women as a way to elevate the political tone.

a federal amendment granting the right to vote was about to be passed.

Progressives supported the movement.

Prohibitionists thought they could count on votes of enfranchised women.

states in the West had gradually extended the vote to women.

The progressive-inspired city-manager system of government

opened urban politics to new immigrants.

made giant strides under the leadership of Hiram Johnson.

brought democracy to urban dwellers.

was developed in Wisconsin

was designed to remove politics from municipal administration.

When Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, he intended his book to focus attention on the

unsanitary conditions that existed in the meat-packing industry.

deplorable conditions in the drug industry.

plight of workers in the stockyards and meat-packing industry.

unhealthy effects of beef consumption

. corruption in the United States Senate.

In 1912, Woodrow Wilson became the first _______ elected to the presidency since the Civil War.

lawyer

Democrat

person born in the South.

non-Civil War veteran

Methodist

To secure passage of the Underwood Tariff Bill, Woodrow broke new ground by

stirring up western and southern regional hostility against the high-tariff East.

enlisting organized business groups to lobby for its passage.

personally presenting his case to Congress and arousing public opinion.

sending a team of economic experts to testify before Congress.

writing a book showing that high tariffs were harming the American economy.

The Federal Reserve Act gave the Federal Reserve Board the authority to

collect income taxes directly from employee's paychecks.

close weak banks.

take the U.S. dollar off the gold standard.

guarantee individual banking deposits against bank failures..

issue paper money and increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation by altering interest rates.

The Federal Trade Commission was established in 1914 to address all of these practices except

prohibiting false and misleading advertising.

eliminating unfair and discriminatory trade practices.

sale of stocks without full disclosure of a business's organization and profits.

outlawing the mislabeling or adulterating of products.

outlawing unfair business competition and bribery.

Because of the benefits it conferred on labor, Samuel Gompers called the _______ "labors Magna Carta."

Workmen's Compensation Act

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Sixteenth Amendment

Underwood Tariff Act

Federal Reserve Act

The first Jewish member of the United States Supreme Court, appointed by Woodrow Wilson, was

Bernard Baruch.

Louis D. Brandeis.

Felix Franfurter.

Abraham Cahan.

Arsene Pujo.

Woodrow Wilson showed the limits of his progressivism by

refusing to appoint the Catholic Al Smith to the Federal Trade Commission.

opposing the entry of women into politics.

opposing workingmen's compensation.

vetoing the Federal Farm Loan Act.

accelerating the segregation of blacks in the federal bureaucracy.

Which term best characterizes Woodrow Wilson's fundamental approach to American foreign policy?

Isolationist

Imperialistic

Balance-of-power

Moralistic

Realistic

Difficulties in Mexico in the early 20th century affected the U.S. by

sparking tension between the U.S. and Spain.

encouraging massive migration of Mexicans across the border.

interfering with trade relations.

None of these

providing an investment opportunity for U.S. corporations.

President Wilson's first direct use of American military forces in revolutionary Mexico occurred when he

sent armed forces to protect against Mexico's nationalization of American businesses.

sent General Pershing to capture Pancho Villa after Villa staged raids into New Mexico.

seized the Mexican port of Vera Cruz to prevent German delivery of arms to President Huerta.

sent the army to protect the vast ranch of newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst.

sent the army to prevent Venustiano Carranza from becoming president of Mexico.

Before his first term ended, Woodrow Wilson had militarily intervened in or purchased all of the following countries except

the Dominican Republic.

Mexico.

the Virgin Islands.

Correct Answer Cuba.

Haiti.

As World War I began in Europe, the alliance system placed Germany and Austria-Hungary as leaders of the _________, while Russia and France were among the ________.

Triple Alliance; Central Powers

Central Powers; Triple Alliance

Allies; Central Powers

Central Powers; Allies

Central Powers; Holy Alliance

With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the great majority of Americans

earnestly hoped to stay out of the war.

favored entering the war in support of the Allies.

Supported the Central Powers.

wanted to form a military alliance of neutral nations.

favored U.S. mediation of the conflict.

From 1914 to 1916, America's growing trade with Britain and loss of trade with Germany essentially occurred because

the British navy controlled the Atlantic shipping lanes.

British agents sabotaged American businesses that traded with Germany.

the British needed American goods and weapons and the Germans did not.

American bankers like J.P. Morgan were willing to loan money to Britain but not to Germany.

more Americans sympathized with the Britain than with Germany.

One primary effect of World War I on the United States was that it

turned more of its economic activity toward Latin America and Asia.

suffered severe business losses.

opened new markets in Germany and Austria-Hungary.

conducted an immense amount of trade with the Allies.

virtually ended American international trade.

German submarines began sinking unarmed and unresisting merchant and passenger ships without warning

when the United States entered the war.

because international law now allowed this new style of warfare.

in retaliation for the British naval blockade of Germany.

in a last-ditch effort to win the war.

in an effort to keep the United States out of the war.

Which of the following American passenger liners was sunk by German submarines?

Sussex

Lusitania

Arabic

All of these American ships were sunk.

None of these were American ships.

In the Sussex pledge, Germany promised

to maintain the territorial integrity of France.

not to sink passenger ships without warning.

to halt its naval blockade of Britain.

to halt all submarine warfare.

not to sink passenger ships.

President Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany when

the Zimmerman note was intercepted and made public.

it appeared that the German army would take Paris.

Germany announced that it would wage unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic.

Germany rejected Wilson's Fourteen Points for peace.

news was received that a revolutionary movement had overthrown the czarist regime in Russia.

The Zimmerman note involved a proposed secret agreement between

Germany and Mexico.

Britain and France.

Mexico and France.

Russia and France.

Germany and Canada.

President Woodrow Wilson persuaded the American people to enter World War I by

declaring it a crusade to "make the world safe for democracy."

demonstrating how American national security would be threatened by a German victory.

insisting that the war would be fought primarily by the navy.

appealing to America's tradition of intervention in Europe.

convincing the public of the need to make the world safe from the German submarine.

Which one of the following was not among Wilson's Fourteen Points, upon which he based America's idealistic foreign policy in World War I?

Reduction of armaments

A new international organization to guarantee collective security.

Abolition of secret treaties.

An international guarantee of freedom of religion.

The principle of national self-determination for subject peoples

When the United States entered World War I, it was

well prepared for land combat but not for naval warfare.

well prepared industrially but not militarily.

well prepared thanks to the foresight of Woodrow Wilson.

poorly prepared to leap into global war.

well prepared militarily but not industrially.

During World War I, civil liberties in America were

threatened by President Wilson but protected by the courts.

violated mostly in the western United States.

severely damaged by the pressures of loyalty and conformity.

protected for everyone except German Americans.

limited, but no one was actually imprisoned for his or her convictions.

Although German-Americas were generally loyal citizens, during the war they were subjected to all of the following except

rumors that they were spying and sabotaging the U.S.

deportation back to Germany.

renaming German foods; sauerkraut became liberty cabbage.

German books were removed from libraries and German courses cancelled.

violent attacks such as tarring, feathering, beatings and lynchings.

Prosecutions under the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) can be characterized in all of the following ways except

antiwar socialists and labor leaders were visibly targeted.

the laws meant that any criticism of the government could be censored and punished.

1,900 Americans were prosecuted under these laws.

the Supreme Court ruled that they were unconstitutional violations of free speech.

after the war, President Harding issued pardons to many of those prosecuted, including labor leader Eugene Debs.

Two constitutional amendments, adopted in part because of World War I, were the Eighteenth, which dealt with _______, and the Nineteenth, whose subject was _______.

an income tax; direct election of senators

prohibition; woman suffrage

direct election of senators; woman suffrage

prohibition; an income tax

women suffrage; prohibition

The movement of tens of thousands of Southern blacks north during World War I resulted in

a new black middle class.

better race relations in the South.

fewer blacks willing to be used as strikebreakers.

All of these

racial violence in the North.

The two groups who suffered the most from the violation of civil liberties during World War I were

labor unions and women's groups.

German Americans and social radicals.

Catholics and atheists.

Irish Americans and Japanese Americans.

African Americans and Latinos.

World War I was the first time that

African Americans served in the military.

women were admitted to the armed forces.

None of these

the U.S. government employed a draft.

the military was desegregated.

The United States' main contributions to the Allied victory in World War I included all of the following except

munitions.

battlefield victories.

financial credit.

foodstuffs.

oil.

Woodrow Wilson's ultimate goal at the Paris Peace Conference was to

establish the League of Nations.

destroy the Russian and Austrian empires.

force Germany to pay reparations for the war.

blame no one for starting the war.

stop the spread of communism.

In the United States, the most controversial aspect of the Treaty of Versailles was the

principle of self-determination for smaller nations in Europe and elsewhere.

provision for trusteeship of former German colonies.

League of Nations.

severe reparations that Germany would have to pay.

permanent U.S. alliance with France.

The red scare of 1919-1920 was provoked by

Russian Communism's threat to American security.

the wartime migration of rural blacks to northern cities.

public anger at evolutionary science's challenge to the biblical story of Creation.

the public's fear that labor troubles were sparked by communist and anarchists revolutionaries.

urban immigrants' resistance to prohibition.

Businesspeople used the red scare to

break the backs of fledgling unions.

establish closed shops throughout the nation.

break the railroad strike of 1919.

refuse to hire communists.

secure passage of laws making unions illegal.

The most tenacious pursuer of radical elements during the red scare of the early 1920's was

William Jennings Bryan.

J. Edgar Hoover.

A. Mitchell Palmer.

Frederick W. Taylor.

F. Scott Fitzgerald.

The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s was a reaction against

capitalism.

race riots.

new immigration laws passed in 1924.

the forces of diversity and modernity that were transforming American culture.

the nativist movements that had their origins in the 1850s.

Immigration restrictions of the 1920s were introduced as a result of

growing concern about urban overcrowding and crime.

the nativist belief that northern Europeans were superior to southern and eastern Europeans.

increased migration of blacks to the North.

the desire to halt immigration from Latin America.

a desire to rid the country of the quota system.

Enforcement of the Volstead Act met the strongest resistance from

evangelical Protestants.

westerners and southerners.

women.

immigrants and big-city residents.

businesspeople and labor leaders.

Although speakeasies and hard liquor flourished, historians argue that prohibition wasn't entirely a failure for all of the following reasons except

more people lived a sober lifestyle.

absenteeism in the workplace decreased.

crime levels decreased.

bank savings increased.

people consumed less alcohol overall.

Top gangster Al Capone was finally convicted and sent to prison for the crime of

conspiracy to violate the prohibition laws.

kidnapping.

murder.

income tax evasion.

running criminal prostitution rings.

The immediate outcome of the 1925 Scopes Trial was that

attorney Clarence Darrow got the charges against John Scopes dropped.

biology teacher John Scopes was found guilty of teaching evolution and fined.

the state of Tennessee modified its anti-evolution law.

the public gained a favorable view of American fundamentalists.

the jury was deadlocked and unable to reach a verdict.

The main problem faced by American manufacturers in the 1920s involved

reducing the level of government involvement in business.

increasing the level of production.

developing technologically innovative products.

finding a skilled labor force.

developing expanding markets of people to buy their products.

In response to the need to develop greater and greater mass markets for their products, America business in the 1920s relied especially on the new techniques of

developing a large range of product variations.

direct selling through catalogs and door-to-door solicitations.

government-backed guarantees of product performance.

consumer advertising.

price competition.

The prosperity that developed in the 1920s

led to a growing level of savings by the American public.

closed the gap between rich and poor.

enabled labor unions to gain strength.

was accompanied by a cloud of consumer debt.

was concentrated primarily in heavy industry.

Henry Ford's most distinctive contribution to the automobile industry was

introducing a variety of automobile models with varied colors and styles.

the internal combustion engine.

installment credit buying of cars.

design changes that improved speed.

production of a standardized, relatively inexpensive automobile.

The first talkie motion picture was

The Jazz Singer.

The Great Train Robbery.

The Birth of a Nation.

The Wizard of Oz.

Gone With the Wind.

Automobiles, radios, and motion pictures

strengthened American family life.

contributed to the standardization of American life.

had little impact on traditional life-styles and values.

were for the most part too expensive for ordinary working families.

were less popular than had been anticipated.

All of the following are true of Marcus Garvey, founder of the United Negro Improvement Association, except he

sponsored black-owned business enterprises.

inspired strong feelings of self-confidence and self-reliance among blacks.

advocated the idea of developing an elite "talented tenth" to lead African American progress.

was convicted of mail fraud and deported by the U.S. government.

promoted the resettlement of American blacks in Africa.

The Harlem Renaissance can best be described as

the movement led by Marcus Garvey.

an effort to resist racism and segregation in the North.

a celebration of black culture and creative expression.

the migration of Southern blacks to northern sections of New York City.

None of these

Buying stock on margin meant purchasing

risky or marginal stock.

little-known stock.

only a few shares of stock.

inexpensive stock.

it on credit with only a small down payment.

As secretary of the treasury, Andrew Mellon placed the heaviest tax burden on

middle-income groups.

the wealthy.

the business community.

the working class.

the estates of those deceased.

Warren G. Harding's weakness as president included all of the following except a(n)

inability to detect moral weaknesses in his associates.

mediocre mind.

administrative weakness.

lack of political experience.

unwillingness to hurt people's feelings by saying no.

Republican economic policies under Warren G. Harding

aided small business at the expense of big business.

aimed at supporting increased competition in business.

hoped to encourage the government to actively assist business along the path to profits.

sought to continue the same laissez-faire doctrine as had been the practice under William McKinley.

sought to regulate the policies of large corporations.

In the Adkins case, the Supreme Court ruled

federal maternity benefits designed for women did not constitute unequal treatment.

women were no longer entitled to special protection in the workplace because they now had the vote.

federal child labor laws were unconstitutional.

anti-union "right to work" laws were constitutional.

women had the right to sue for equal pay for equal work.

The 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact

established a battleship ration for the leading naval powers.

condemned Japan for its unprovoked attack on Manchuria.

set a schedule for German payment of war reparations.

officially outlawed war as a solution to international rivalry and conflict.

formally ended World War I for the United States, which had refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles.

The Fordney-McCumber and Hawley-Smoot Tariff laws had the long term effect of

pressuring the Europeans to lower their own tariff rates in order to retain American trade.

lowering the prices Americans paid for domestic manufactured goods.

encouraging the United States to turn more to Asia than to Europe for imports.

bringing American farmers out of the agricultural depression of the early 1920s.

shrinking international trade and making it impossible for Europe to repay American war loans.

The Teapot Dome scandal was centered around corrupt deals and bribes involving

the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

European war debts.

veterans' hospitals.

naval oil reserves.

presidential pardons.

During Coolidge's presidency, government policy was set largely by the interests and values of

progressive reformers.

racial and ethnic minorities.

the business community.

farmers and wage earners.

conservative New Englanders.

The advent of the gasoline-powered tractor in the 1920s meant that

farmers would have to spend time training new hands on the equipment.

bigger crops could be grown on smaller areas.

farmers did not need to plow as much land to make the same profit.

productivity went up but so did debt.

None of these

The Progressive party did not do well in the 1924 election because

the liberal vote was split between it and the Democratic party.

La Follette could bot win the Socialists' endorsement.

it was to caught up in internal discord.

it could not win the farm vote.

too many people shared in the general prosperity of the time to care about reform.

America's major foreign policy problem in the 1920s was addressed by the Dawes Plan, which

condemned the Japanese aggression in Manchuria.

aimed to prevent German re-armament.

provided a solution to the tangle of war-debt and war-reparations payments.

ended the big-stick policy of armed intervention in Central America and the Caribbean.

established a ratio of allowable naval strength between the United States, Britain, and Japan.

As a result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930

the worldwide depression deepened.

American industry grew more secure.

campaign promises to labor were fulfilled.

duties on agricultural products decreased.

American economic isolationism ended.

President Herbert Hoover believed that the Great Depression could be ended by doing all of the following except

directly assisting businesses and banks.

keeping faith in the efficiency of the industrial system.

lending federal funds to feed farm livestock.

providing direct aide to the people.

continuing to rely on the American tradition of rugged individualism.

The term "Hoovervilles" refers to

picket lines erected by the Bonus Army in their protest against Washington D.C.

breadlines and soup kitchens that fed the hungry during the Great Depression.

industrial sections of cities where poor workers lived.

cities hardest hit by the Great Depression - with the highest unemployment and poverty rates.

shantytowns filled with shacks created by homeless people during the Great Depression.

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation, established by Hoover to deal with the depression, was charged with

providing money for construction of dams on the Tennessee River.

lending money for federal public works projects.

outlawing yellow dog (antiunion) contracts.

providing direct economic assistance to labor.

making loans to businesses, banks, and state and local governments.

The Bonus Expeditionary Force marched on Washington D.C., in 1932 to demand

punishment for those who had forced unemployed veterans to leave Washington D.C.

immediate full payment of bonus payments promised to World War I veterans.

housing and healthcare assistance for veterans.

an expanded American army and navy.

the removal of American troops from Nicaragua.

President Hoover's public image was severely damaged by his

use of harsh military force to disperse the Bonus Army from Washington.

refusal to do anything to try to solve the Great Depression.

decision to abandon the principle of rugged individualism.

agreement to provide a federal dole to the unemployed.

construction of Hoovervilles for the homeless.

The phrase Hundred Days refers to the

"lame-duck" period between Franklin Roosevelt's election and his inauguration.

flood of legislation passed by Congress in the first months of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency.

time that all banks were closed by FDR.

worst months of the Great Depression.

time it took for Congress to begin acting on President Roosevelt's plan for combating the Great Depression.

One striking new feature of the 1932 presidential election results was that

a clear gender gap opened up in which more women favored the Democrats.

the South had shifted to the Republican party.

urban Americans finally cast more votes than rural Americans.

Democrats made gains in the normally Republican Midwest.

African Americans shifted from their Republican allegiance and became a vital element in the Democratic party.

The group that had experienced the worst suffering as a result of the Great Depression was

African Americans.

women.

immigrants.

factory workers.

skilled men.

The Glass-Steagall Act

took the United States off the gold standard.

created the Securities and Exchange Commission to regulate the stock exchange.

permitted commercial banks to engage in Wall Street financial dealings.

empowered President Roosevelt to close all banks temporarily.

created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure individual bank deposits.

The most immediate emergency facing Franklin Roosevelt when he became president in March 1933 was

the collapse of nearly the entire banking system.

the near collapse of international trade.

the growing power of demagogues such as Huey Long and Father Coughlin.

runaway inflation.

riots by unemployed workers and farmers unable to sell their goods.

Immediately after taking office, President Roosevelt responded to the banking crisis by

closing all American banks for a week, while reorganizing them on a sounder basis.

establishing a new Bank of the United States to guarantee deposits.

reassuring Americans that all their banking deposits were safe.

restoring the gold standard to guarantee the soundness of American currency.

providing major federal loans to the largest and soundest banks.

The single most popular New Deal program was probably the

Tennessee Valley Authority.

National Recovery Administration.

Works Progress Administration.

Agricultural Adjustment Act.

Civilian Conservation Corps.

All of the following are true statements about the men who joined the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) except

CCC workers helped families by sending most of their paychecks home.

they worked on reforestation, flood control and swamp drainage projects.

the men were mostly young, hired to work in fresh-air camps.

there were about three million men in the program.

many of the men had had criminal records.

The most complex and ambitious New Deal effort to achieve recovery and reform the entire American economy was the

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act).

Tennessee Valley Authority.

Social Security Administration.

Public Works Administration.

National Recovery Administration.

President Roosevelt's chief "administrator of relief" and one of his closest advisors was

Mary McLeod Bethune.

None of these

John L. Lewis.

Harry Hopkins.

George Norris.

Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana gained a large national following by promising to

"share our wealth" by raising taxes on the rich and giving every family $5,000.

provide the unemployed and elderly a $200-a-month social security payment.

make Jews pay for causing the Great Depression.

help farmers and workers organize to resist the power of corporations.

nationalize all banks and public utility companies.

Roosevelt supported the repeal of prohibition because

he believed the problem of drunkenness could be solved by restricting alcohol content to 3.2 percent by weight.

he thought it was unconstitutional.

he thought that it afforded the opportunity to raise needed federal revenue and provide jobs.

he needed support from the repeal movement to gain reelection.

drys - those who opposed alcohol - were an increasingly small segment of the population.

The first Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) raised the money that it paid to farmers not to grow crops by

taxing processors of farm products.

imposing a tax on the sale of farms.

increasing taxes on the wealthy.

raising the tariff.

selling government surplus grain.

Both ratified in the 1930s, the Twentieth Amendment ____ and the Twenty-first Amendment ____.

shortened the time between presidential election and inauguration; ended prohibition

ended prohibition; shortened the time between presidential election and inauguration

expanded the size of the Supreme Court; ended prohibition

rendered most New Deal programs unconstitutional; limited a president to two complete terms in office

limited a president to two complete terms in office; repealed the Eighteenth Amendment

All of the following contributed to the Dust Bowl of the 1930s except

the cultivation of marginal farmlands on the Great Plains.

drought.

farmers' failure to use steam tractors and other modern equipment.

soil erosion.

dry-farming techniques.

In 1935, President Roosevelt set up the Resettlement Administration to

help farmers who were victims of the Dust Bowl move to better land.

find jobs for farmers in industry.

place unemployed industrial workers in areas where their labor was needed.

move Indians from land that could be farmed by victims of the Dust Bowl.

help farmers migrate from Oklahoma to California.

The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) proposed to solve the farm problem by

subsidizing American farm exports overseas.

creating farm cooperatives.

encouraging farmers to switch to industrial employment.

reducing agricultural production.

helping farmers to pay their mortgages.

The fate of most of the Okies and other Dust Bowl migrants who headed west to California was that they

formed mutually supportive evangelical religious communes.

became caught up in radical labor movements.

still struggled for food, shelter, and work in the San Joaquin Valley.

acquired farms in the San Joaquin Valley.

found steady work in the canning industry.

The Federal Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Commission aimed to

halt the sale of stocks on margin (i.e. with borrowed funds).

provide full disclosure of information and prevent insider trading and other fraudulent practices.

force stockbrokers to register with the federal government.

enable the Chicago Board of Trade to compete with the New York Stock Exchange.

prevent interlocking directorates and business pyramiding schemes.

The most controversial aspect of the Tennessee Valley Authority was its effort to

prevent soil erosion throughout the region.

resettle poor farmers on more productive land.

build housing for poor and middle-class citizens in the region.

control floods in the Tennessee and Cumberland valleys.

provide cheap electrical power in competition with private industry.

The Social Security Act of 1935 provided all of the following except

health care for the poor.

old-age pensions.

support for the blind and physically handicapped.

unemployment insurance.

economic provisions for the blind and disabled.

`

The Wagner Act of 1935 proved to be a trailblazing law that

guaranteed housing loans to workers.

established the Social Security system.

authorized the Public Works Administration (PWA).

established the NRA.

gave labor the right to bargain collectively.

President Roosevelt's Court-packing scheme in 1937 reflected his desire to make the Supreme Court

less burdened with appellate cases.

more sympathetic to New Deal programs.

more respectful of the Constitution's original intent.

more conservative.

more independent of Congress.

As a result of the 1937 Roosevelt recession

Social Security taxes were reduced.

much of the early New Deal was repealed.

Roosevelt backed away from further economic experiments.

Roosevelt adopted Keynesian (planned deficit spending) economics.

Republicans gained control of the Senate in 1938.

Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal was most notable for

undermining state and local governments.

aiding big cities at the expense of farmers.

attacking the American capitalist system.

ending the Great Depression.

providing moderate social reform without radical revolution or reactionary fascism.

Franklin Roosevelt's ____ contributed the most to his development of compassion and strength of will.

family ties with Teddy Roosevelt

education

domestic conflicts with Eleanor Roosevelt

service in World War I

affliction with infantile paralysis

During the 1930's

the New Deal substantially closed the gap between production and consumption in the American economy.

the states regained influence over the economy.

the Great Depression forced President Roosevelt to trim the size of the federal bureaucracy.

business people eventually came to admire President Roosevelt's New Deal programs.

the national debt doubled.

After President Roosevelt's failed attempt to pack the Supreme Court

the Court began to rule that New Deal programs were constitutional.

the Democrats lost the next election in 1940.

Roosevelt was unable to make any changes in the Court.

Congress permanently set the number of justices at nine.

much New Deal legislation was ruled unconstitutional.

The National Labor Relations Act proved most beneficial to

skilled workers.

trade associations.

the unemployed.

employers.

unskilled workers.

The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 attempted to

define clearly which tribes were federally recognized.

pressure Native Americans to renounce self-government.

reinforce the Dawes Act of 1887.

encourage Native Americans to give up their land claims.

reverse the forced assimilation of Native Americans into white society by establishing tribal self-government.

Eleanor Roosevelt had honed her own skills and developed a personal network of reform activists through

sitting in on Franklin Roosevelt's cabinet meetings when he was governor of New York.

her long resistance to Franklin Roosevelt's personal infidelities.

her personal association with women's colleges and sororities.

running for local offices in New York state.

her experience in settlement houses and women's reform organizations.

In 1932, Franklin Roosevelt campaigned on the promise that as president he would attack the Great Depression by

continuing the policies already undertaken by President Hoover.

mobilizing America's youth as in wartime.

nationalizing all banks and major industries.

returning to the traditional policies of laissez-faire capitalism.

experimenting with bold new programs for economic and social reform.

When Franklin Roosevelt assumed the presidency in March 1933

Congress refused to grant him legislative authority.

he received unprecedented congressional support.

he at first proceeded cautiously.

he wanted to make as few mistakes as possible.

he knew exactly what he wanted to do.

Franklin Roosevelt took America off the gold standard and adopted a managed currency policy designed to

stimulate inflation.

reduce the amount of money in circulation.

reduce the price of gold.

shake up the Federal Reserve Board.

restore confidence in banks.

The National Recovery Administration (NRA) failed largely because

it required too much self-sacrifice on the part of industry, labor, and the public.

the agency did not have enough power to control business.

businesses resisted regulation by the agency.

Harold Ickes, the head of the agency, proved to be an incompetent administrator.

it did not provide enough protection for labor to bargain with management.

By 1938, the New Deal

turned more toward direct relief than social reform.

was prepared to embark on ambitious new initiatives.

had won over a majority of business people to its policies.

had plainly failed to achieve its objectives.

had lost most of its momentum.

The federally-owned Tennessee Valley Authority was seen as a particular threat to

the private electrical utility industry.

the automobile industry.

white southern racial practices.

the Republican party.

the entire capitalist system.

Prominent female social scientists of the 1930s, like Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead, brought widespread contributions to the field of

economics.

psychology.

sociology.

anthropology.

political science.

Probably the most radical New Deal program that provoked widespread charges of creeping socialism was the

Social Security Act.

Agricultural Adjustment Act.

Tennessee Valley Authority.

Federal Housing Administration.

Indian Reorganization Act.

While Franklin Roosevelt waited to assume the presidency in early 1933, Herbert Hoover tried to get the president-elect to commit to

appointing some Republicans to his cabinet.

an anti-inflationary policy that would have made much of the New Deal impossible.

a policy of not offering direct welfare to the unemployed.

maintaining a balanced federal budget.

renewal of the extremely high Hawley-Smoot Tariff.

Many Americans feared that the end of World War II would bring

a new war with the Soviet Union.

heightened racial tensions.

a return of the Great Depression.

continued fascist resistance in Germany.

moral and religious decline.

The Taft-Hartley Act delivered a major blow to labor by

outlawing strikes by public employees.

creating a serious inflationary spiral.

forbidding union organizers to enter workplaces.

banning labor's political action committees.

outlawing closed (all-union) shops.

The passage of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) was partly motivated by

memories of the mistreatment of the veterans' Bonus Army in the 1930s.

fear of veterans' postwar protests.

the need of American business for a more highly educated workforce.

a desire to expand the social diversity of American colleges and universities.

fear that the labor markets could not absorb millions of discharged veterans.

One striking consequence of the postwar economic boom was

the continued exclusion of most women from the workplace.

the growing concentration of wealth at the top of society.

the vast expansion of the home-owning middle class.

the growth of blue-collar employment.

the growing split between urban and rural America.

Since 1945, population in the United States has grown most rapidly in the

Sunbelt.

Midwest.

Frostbelt.

Pacific Northwest.

Northeast.

The refusal of the Federal Housing Authority to grant home loans to black Americans contributed to

the development of exclusively black suburbs.

All of these

a decline in black migration to the cities.

driving many blacks into public housing.

the growth of savings and loan institutions exclusively for blacks.

Children of the baby boom

grew into teenagers who spend $20 billion a year on clothes and music.

became the foundation of the youth movements of the 1960s and 1970s.

All of these

comprised a lucrative market for prepared baby food and other infant products.

None of these

In early 1945, the United States was extremely eager to secure the Soviet Union's participation in the projected invasion of Japan because

without Soviet help, the Japanese could not be defeated.

Roosevelt believed that Stalin's involvement in Japan could help to control the communists in China.

the Soviets would become so engaged in East Asia that they would not expand further into central Europe.

American casualties were expected to be high if only Americans were involved.

Roosevelt did not want Stalin to become aware of the atomic bomb secret.

The crucial origins of the Cold War lay in a fundamental disagreement between the United States and Soviet Union over postwar arrangements in

North Africa.

the Third World.

the Middle East.

East Asia.

Eastern Europe.

Which of the following was not among the early successes of the United Nations?

Enhancing global health, food production, and cultural development

Guiding former European colonies to independence

Stopping the spread of atomic weapons

Preventing warfare over Kashmir and Iran Creating the new state of Israel

When the Soviet Union denied the United States, Britain, and France access to Berlin in 1948, President Truman responded by

declaring that an iron curtain had descended across Central Europe.

asking the United Nations to intervene.

organizing a gigantic airlift of supplies to Berlin.

sending an armed convoy to Berlin.

denying the Soviets access to West Germany.

The fundamental idea of the containment doctrine, embraced by President Truman, was

the West and the Soviet Union should seek to contain the spread of nuclear weapons.

Soviet expansion should be blocked by firm but not aggressive military and diplomatic strength.

military competition between the West and the Soviets should be replaced by economic competition.

the Soviet Union should be prevented from trading with nations in Africa and Asia.

the Soviet Union should be gradually forced to give up its sphere of influence in Eastern Europe.

Under the Truman Doctrine, the United States pledged to

refrain from polarizing the world into pro-Soviet and pro-American camps.

give very limited assistance to nations fighting communism.

work to liberate the captive nations of Eastern Europe.

maintain prosperity in America after World War II.

support those who were resisting subjugation by communists.

President Truman's Marshall Plan called for

substantial financial assistance to rebuild Western Europe.

an alliance to contain the Soviet Union.

military supplies for Britain and France.

economic aid for Japan.

foreign aid for Third World countries to resist communism.

The United States' participation in NATO

marked a dramatic departure from traditional American isolationism.

helped to resolve the problem of Germany.

All of these

reduced the need for increased military spending.

reaffirmed America's long-standing commitment to the defense of Western Europe.

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek ) and the Nationalist government lost the Chinese civil war to the Communist and Mao Ze-dong mainly because

the communists were closer to traditional Chinese culture.

the United States failed to give Jiang enough aid.

communists within the Truman administration undermined Jiang's efforts.

Mao received much assistance from the Soviet Union.

Jiang lost the support and the confidence of the Chinese people.

Republicans used the communist victory in the Chinese civil war to claim that

China now posed a greater threat to the United States than the Soviet Union.

pro-Communist elements in the Truman administration had prevented Chiang Kai-shek from winning.

East Asia should be given a lesser priority in American policy than Europe.

the United States should force a showdown with China over Korea.

Japan should be given access to nuclear weapons as soon as possible.

In an effort to detect communists within the federal government, President Harry Truman established the

Loyalty Review Board.

Central Intelligence Agency.

Committee on Un-American Activities.

McCarran Internal Security Act.

Smith Act.

President Harry Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur from command of United Nations troops in Korea when

MacArthur began to openly criticize Truman's orders on military policy.

the Chinese entered the Korean War after MacArthur said they would not.

MacArthur began to mock Truman for having been only a captain in the army.

MacArthur continued to lose crucial battles.

MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel and entered North Korea.

By the end of the 1948 presidential campaign, almost everyone expected Governor Thomas Dewey to win because

Truman had run a listless and defensive campaign.

Dewey was such a charming and charismatic candidate.

the Republicans had finally united their northeastern internationalist and midwestern isolationist wings.

the Republicans had developed a stronger and more progressive domestic platform.

President Truman seemed unpopular and the Democrats had split three ways.

Which of the following was not true of the changing nature of work in the 1950's?

White collar workers were surpassing blue collar workers in numbers.

Science and technology drove economic growth.

Labor unions reached a peak and then began to decline.

Job opportunities were opening to women in the white collar work force.

There were fewer jobs in the military-related aerospace industry.

After World War II ended, most American women

held part-time jobs in relatively poorly paid occupations.

pursued college education or formal job training.

cared for their families and did not work outside the home.

pressed for full equality in the workplace.

worked full time outside the home.

The impact of mass media on religion was reflected in the rise of religious televangelists like

Joseph McCarthy and Richard Nixon

Jackie Robinson and Paul Robeson

Betty Friedan and Josephine Baker

David Riesman and John Kenneth Galbraith

Billy Graham and Oral Roberts

Which of these were NOT among the aspects of 1950's popular culture that conservatives found troubling?

Novels such as The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit

Elvis Presley

Marilyn Monroe

Rock 'n roll music

Playboy magazine

In an effort to overturn Jim Crow laws and the segregated system that they had created, African Americans used all of the following methods except

legal attacks on the underpinnings of segregation in the courts.

economic boycotts.

mobilization of black churches on behalf of black rights.

use of the nonviolent tactics of Mohandas Gandhi.

appeals to foreign governments to pressure the United States to establish racial justice.

In the epochal 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court

upheld its earlier decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.

declared that the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites was unconstitutional.

ordered immediate and total integration of all American schools.

rejected desegregation.

supported the "Declaration of Constitutional Principles" issued by Congress.

On the subject of racial justice, President Eisenhower

admired the Christian philosophy of Martin Luther King.

had advised against integrating the armed forces.

had demanded the integration of the armed forces as early as 1948.

vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

publicly endorsed the 1954 Supreme Court school-desegregation decision.

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was an outgrowth of the

sit-in movement launched by young southern blacks.

anti-war movement of the 1960s.

ban-the-bomb movement of the 1950s.

Civil Rights Act of 1957.

black power movement of the 1960s.

The Eisenhower-promoted public works project that was far larger and more expensive than anything in Roosevelt's New Deal was the

airport construction program.

St. Lawrence seaway.

interstate highway system.

public housing system.

Grand Coulee dam project.

As the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu was about to fall to Ho Chi Minh's communist forces in 1954, President Eisenhower

refused to permit any American military involvement.

sought a compromise settlement at Geneva.

agreed to send small military units to aid the French.

threatened nuclear attack on the Vietnamese communists.

relied on the advice of Vice President Nixon and Secretary of State Dulles.

The factor that may have tipped the electoral scales for John F. Kennedy in the presidential election of 1960 was

his family.

President Eisenhower's heavy loss of popularity in his last two years in office.

his televised debates with Richard M. Nixon.

his religion.

his age.

The Beat Generation can be described in all the following ways except

they formed the protest culture of the late 1950s and early 1960s.

they embraced sexual liberation.

they promoted interest in bebop jazz and Eastern religious mysticism.

their name came from the term "beatnik," meant as a Cold War insult

in founding their own movement, the hippies later rejected many of the Beat notions.

Two postwar American fiction writers, who explored the problems and anxieties of affluence, were

Joseph Heller and Kurt Vonnegut

John Updike and John Cheever

Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller

Eudora Welty and Flannery O'Connor

Ralph Ellison and James Baldwin

In response to the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957

the United States spent nearly a decade trying to equal this achievement.

the federal government began spending billions of dollars to improve American science and mathematics education.

scientists blamed America's slowness on poor math and science education in the schools.

the Republican party took responsibility for the fact that the United States had fallen behind the Soviets in this area of scientific discovery.

Harry Truman condemned the Republicans for allowing a scientific gap to occur.

The 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine empowered the president to extend economic and military aid to nations of __________ that wanted help help to resist communist aggression.

Africa

Latin America

Central and Eastern Europe

the Middle East

Southeast Asia

The Suez crisis marked the last time in history that the United States could

invoke the Eisenhower Doctrine.

use its oil weapon to make foreign policy demands.

criticize Israel's foreign policy.

use the threat of nuclear war to win concessions.

condemn its allies for their actions in the Middle East.

During the 1950s, the Central Intelligence Agency engineered pro-American political coups in both

Lebanon and El Salvador

Iran and Guatemala

Libya and Costa Rica

Egypt and Cuba

Iraq and Nicaragua

In 1956, the United States condemned ___________ as the aggressors in the Suez Canal crisis.

Egypt and Jordan

Britain and France

the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact members

Israel and Turkey

Lebanon and Syria

In 1956, when Hungary revolted against continued domination by the Soviet Union, the United States under Dwight Eisenhower

sent money to the rebels.

gave only outdated military equipment to the Hungarian freedom fighters.

quickly recognized the new Hungarian government.

did nothing to help defeat the communists.

refused to admit any Hungarian refugees.

During his presidency, Dwight Eisenhower accepted the principle and extended the benefits of

the Social Security system.

deficit spending.

the Tennessee Valley Authority.

federal health care programs.

racial equality.

In the warfare that raged between the Indians and the American military after the Civil War,

the Indians were never as well armed as the soldiers.

Indians and soldiers seldom came into face-to-face combat.

the U.S. army was able to dominate with its superior technology.

Indians proved to be no match for the soldiers.

there was often great cruelty and massacres on both sides.

In the election of 1896, the major issue became

restoration of protective tariffs.

free and unlimited coinage of silver.

the rights of farmers and industrial workers.

enactment of an income tax.

government programs for those unemployed as a result of the depression.

The first major farmers' organization was the

National Grange.

American Farm Bureau.

Populist.

Greenback Labor Party.

Farmers' Alliance

In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the volume of agricultural goods_________, and the price received for these goods __________.

increased; also increased

increased; decreased

decreased; increased

decreased; also decreased

increased; stayed the same

The Plains Indians were finally forced to surrender

when the army began using artillery against them.

when they realized that agriculture was more profitable than hunting.

after such famous leaders as Geronimo and Sitting Bull were killed.

by the coming of the railroads and the virtual extermination of the buffalo.

because they were decimated by their constant intertribal warfare.

In 1890, when the superintendent of the census announced that a stable frontier line was no longer discernible, Americans were disturbed because

they feared that an influx of new western states would strengthen the Populists and other radicals.

the idea of the endlessly open West had been an element of America's history from the beginning.

they thought that there would be a renewal of Indian warfare.

they new that the Homestead Act would no longer do them much good.

many of them hoped eventually to migrate to the West.

Sooners were settlers who "jumped the gun" in order to

stake claims in the Comstock Lode in Nevada.

drive the first cattle to Montana and Wyoming.

pan gold in California.

grab town sites in the Dakota's.

claim land in Oklahoma before the territory was legally opened to settlement.

The United States government's outlawing of the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the

Battle of Little Big Horn.

Sand Creek massacre.

Battle of Wounded Knee.

Carlisle Indian School.

Dawes Severalty Act.

One major problem with the Homestead Act was that

it took several years to earn a profit from farming a homestead.

160 acres were inadequate for farming on the rain-scarce Great Plains.

the government continued to try and maximize its revenue from public lands.

most homesteaders knew little or nothing about farming in the West.

midwestern farmers had to give up raising livestock because of stiff competition from the West.

The Dawes Severalty Act was designed to promote Indian

prosperity.

education.

assimilation.

annihilation.

culture.

A Century of Dishonor (1881), which chronicled the dismal history of Indian-white relations, was authored by

William F. Cody

Joseph F. Glidden

Chief Joseph

Helen Hunt Jackson

Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Which of these is NOT a true statement about women on the frontier?

Women found a variety of opportunities in the West.

Women earned a kind of equality on the frontier.

Some women made money running boarding houses.

Women worked as prostitutes on the frontier.

Frontier women got the right to vote much later than women in the East.

The root cause of the American farmers' problems after 1880 was

the shortage of farm machinery.

low prices and deflated currency..

foreign competition.

urban growth.

the declining number of farms and farmers.

Farmers were slow to organize and promote their interest because they

were divided by the wealthier, more powerful manufacturers and railroad barons.

did not possess the money necessary to establish a national political movement.

were, by nature, highly independent and individualistic.

were too busy trying to eke out a living.

were not well educated.

The Farmers' Alliance was especially weakened by

corrupt leadership.

its failure to target landowners.

its inability to overcome racial divisions in the South.

regional concentration in the South.

its political ineptitude.

During the 1892 presidential election, large numbers of southern white farmers refused to desert the Democratic Party and support the Populist Party because

the history of racial division in the region made it hard to cooperate with blacks.

they did not think the Populists represented their political interests.

they were not experiencing the same hard times as Midwestern farmers.

they believed that too many Populists were former Republicans.

they could not accept the Populists' call for government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephone.

Jacob Coxey and his army marched on Washington, D.C., to

demand a larger military budget.

demand that the government relieve unemployment with a public works program.

protest the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.

demand the immediate payment of bonuses to Civil War veterans.

try to promote a general strike of all workers.

The depression of the 1890's and episodes like the Pullman Strike made the election of 1896 shape up as a

clash of cultures between ordinary middle-class Americans and European-oriented radicals and reformers.

sectional conflict with the West aligned against the Northeast and South.

conflict between the insurgent Populists and the two established political parties.

contest over the power of the federal government to manage a modern industrial economy like the United States.

battle between down-and-out workers and farmers and establishment conservatives.

Mark Hanna, the Ohio Republican president-maker, believed that the prime function of the federal government was to

provide aid to big business.

not "rock the boat" of prosperity.

maintain a laissez-faire policy.

overturn the trickle down theory of economics.

defend against foreign enemies.

For farm men and women, Granges were a godsend because

the picnics, concerts, and lectures they offered helped ease their isolation.

they required members to pitch in and help each other during harvest season.

their secret rituals kept out people they didn't like.

they helped members join together to take advantage of opportunities via the Homestead Act.

they sold farming supplies at a deep discount.

In post-Civil War America, Indians surrendered their lands on when they

traded land for rifles and blankets.

were allowed to control the supply of food and other staples to their reservations.

lost their mobility as the whites killed their horses.

chose to migrate farther west.

received solemn promises from the government that they would be left alone and provided with supplies on the remaining land.

The Buffalo Soldiers were

Military officials who criticized George M. Custer's tactics.

African American cavalry and soldiers who served in the frontier wars.

Soldiers who were killed in the Fetterman massacre.

Soldiers who sought to defeat the Indians by depriving them of their primary food supply.

U.S. Army units who survived on the plains by killing buffalo.

Match each Indian chief below with his tribe.

Chief Joseph

Sitting Bull

Geronimo

Nez perce

Sioux

Apache

A new round of warfare between the Sioux and U.S. Army began in 1874 when

Colonel George Custer led an expedition to Little Big Horn, Montana.

the U.S. Army decided to retaliate for the Fetterman massacre.

Colonel George Custer discovered gold on Sioux land in the Black Hills.

the federal government announced that it was opening all Sioux land to settlement.

Sioux Chief Crazy Horse began an effort to drive all whites from Montana and the Dakotas.

The Nez Perce Indians of Idaho were goaded into war when

the Canadian government attempted to force their return to the United States.

the federal government attempted to force them onto a reservation.

gold was discovered on their reservation.

the Sioux began to migrate on their land.

their alliance with the Shoshone required it.

Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Dawes Severalty Act is passed; (B) Oklahoma land rush takes place; (C) Indians are granted full citizenship; (D) Congress restores the tribal basis of Indian life.

C, B, D, A

A, B, D, C

B, A, C, D

A, D, B, C

A, B, C, D

The safety valve theory that the West dampened class conflict, while exaggerated, did have some validity because

free western land did attract many immigrants to the West who might have crowded urban job markets.

western farmers tended to be politically more conservative than those in the East.

western cities had less class conflict than those in the East.

eastern city dwellers headed west to get free homesteads during depressions.

wealthy western farmers hired many unemployed laborers from eastern cities.

Which one of the following was not among influential Populist leaders?

Mary Elizabeth Lease

William "Coin" Harvey

Ignatius Donnelley

James B. Weaver

Eugene V. Debs

President Grover Cleveland justified federal intervention in the Pullman strike of 1894 on the grounds that

the unions leader, Eugene V. Debs, was a socialist.

strikes against railroads were illegal.

the strike was preventing the transit of U.S. mail.

shutting down the railroads threatened national security.

the strikers were engaging in violent attacks on railroad property.

The monetary inflation needed to relieve the social and economic hardships of the late nineteenth century eventually came as a result of

the Gold Standard Act.

the creation of the Federal Reserve Board.

McKinley's adoption of the bimetallic standard.

Populist fusion with the Democratic party.

an increase in the international gold supply.

Before he became vice president and then president of the United States, Lyndon Johnson had exercised great power as

Majority Leader of the U.S. Senate.

Speaker of the House of Representatives.

a wealthy Texas businessman.

governor of Texas.

secretary of defense.

President Johnson proved to be much more successful than President Kennedy at

reducing America's overseas commitments.

exciting the ideals and spirit of his fellow citizens.

appealing to America's European allies.

getting his legislation passed by Congress.

gaining the admiration and support of the media.

President Johnson called his package of domestic reform proposals the

Great Crusade.

New Frontier.

Johnson Revolution.

Fair Deal.

Great Society.

Besides eliminating segregation and racial discrimination in public facilities and employment, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 included a provision that

established the principle of affirmative action in college admissions.

protected the rights of Latino immigrants to speak Spanish in schools.

protected gays against discrimination in employment.

prohibited sexual as well as racial discrimination.

laid the foundation for busing to achieve integration.

The War on Poverty was inspired by

increasing public faith that an affluent nation such as the United States should be able to end poverty.

All of these

Michael Harrington's book "The Other America".

None of these

the sickness and dire conditions President Johnson witnessed in the mining regions of Appalachia.

With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Congress maintained its war-declaring power.

the goals of American military involvement in Vietnam were clear.

the military was given the authority to use tactical nuclear weapons.

Congress handed the president a blank check to use further force in Vietnam.

the United States declared war on Vietnam.

Voters supported Lyndon Johnson in the 1964 presidential election because of their

loyalty to the Kennedy legacy.

All of these

faith in the Great Society promises.

fear of the Republican nominee, Barry Goldwater.

trust in Johnson's Vietnam policy.

Lyndon Johnson gained strong support for federal aid to education by

guaranteeing that no aid would be given to Catholic schools.

directing funds toward higher education only.

sidestepping the controversy over parochial schools by channeling aid directly to students.

focusing on improving educational quality rather than racial integration.

making sure that the funds would flow primarily to needy students.

All of the following programs were created by Lyndon Johnson's administration except

Medicare

the Peace Corps.

the Office of Economic Opportunity.

the National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities.

Project Head Start

In the final analysis, Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs

won some noteworthy battles in education and healthcare.

actually increased the poverty rate.

did no good at all.

received more money than they could effectively spend.

proved that poverty could not be papered over with greenbacks.

The landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 accomplished all of the following except

requiring affirmative action against discrimination.

banning racial discrimination in most private facilities opened to the public.

prohibiting discrimination based on gender.

creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

banning sexual as well as racial discrimination.

As a result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

sources of immigration tilted to Eastern Europe.

the racial and ethnic makeup of the country was unchanged.

sources of immigration shifted to Latin America and Asia.

the number of immigrants entering the country was reduced.

fewer Asians came to the United States.

The common use of poll taxers to inhibit black voters in the South was outlawed by the

Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Twenty-Fifth Amendment.

Voting Rights Act of 1965.

War on Poverty

Twenty-Fourth Amendment.

The militant African American leader who most directly challenged Martin Luther King, Jr.'s goal of peaceful integration was

Ralph Abernathy.

Fannie Lou Hamer.

Marcus Garvey.

Medgar Evers.

Malcom X

The 1967 Six-Day War intensified the Arab-Israeli conflict by bringing into constant, direct conflict

Americans and Israelis.

Israel and the United States on the one hand and Arabs and the Soviet Union on the other.

Israel and Saudia Arabia.

the Israeli government and Jewish settlers on the West Bank.

Israelis and Palestinians.

The most serious blow to Lyndon Johnson's Vietnam policy

occurred when Senator J. William Fulbright's Foreign Relations Committee held public hearing on the war.

came with the revelation that the Tonkin Gulf attacks had been provoked by the United States.

occurred when Defense Secretary Robert McNamara resigned.

came with the bombing of Cambodia.

was the Tet Offensive of 1968.

The attempt to nominate an antiwar Democratic candidate for president in 1968 suffered a crippling blow when

public opinion turned back in favor of the war after the Tet Offensive.

pro-war Vice President Hubert Humphrey won the Oregon and California primaries.

Senator Robert Kennedy was assassinated after winning the California primary.

militant leftist demonstrators at the Chicago convention caused a backlash in favor of Humphrey.

Senator Eugene McCarthy withdrew from the race before the Democratic convention.

The site of the first major militant protest on behalf of gay liberation in 1969 was

the Mattachine Society headquarters (Los Angeles).

Key West, Florida.

Fire Island, New York.

Indiana University (Bloomington, Indiana)

the Stonewall Inn (New York City).

Former Vice President Richard Nixon essentially won the 1968 presidential election by

re-asserting the Republican Party's historic commitment to civil rights and civil liberties.

repudiating Goldwater conservatives and running as a liberal Republican.

promising to escalate the Vietnam War and win a decisive victory there.

arguing that the Vietnam War had been a mistake from the beginning.

exploiting Democratic divisions and appealing to moderately conservative law and order sentiment.

Richard Nixon's policy of detente

was designed to improve relations between the Soviet Union and China.

found support in the Democratic party but not the Republican party.

was a failure.

ushered in an era of relaxed tensions between the United States and the two leading Communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.

was aimed at ending the division of Germany and Korea.

Franklin Roosevelt undermined the London Economic Conference because

any agreement to stabilize national currencies might hurt America's recovery from depression.

it was dominated by British and Swiss bankers.

the delegates refused to work on reviving international trade.

such an agreement would involve the United States militarily with the League of Nations.

its members insisted on rigid adherence to the gold standard.

The spending of enormous sums on the original atomic bomb project was spurred by the belief that

the Japanese were at work on an atomic bomb project of their own.

a nuclear weapon was the only way to win the war.

the American public would not tolerate the casualties that would result from a land invasion of Japan.

scientists like Albert Einstein might be lost to the war effort.

the Germans might acquire such a weapon first.

The Potsdam conference

issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or be destroyed.

determined the fate of Eastern Europe.

brought France and China in as part of the Big Five.

was Franklin Roosevelt's last meeting with Churchill and Stalin.

concluded that the Soviet Union would enter the war in the Pacific.

The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was turned following the Battle of

the Coral Sea.

Guadalcanal.

Leyte Gulf.

Bataan and Corregidor.

Midway.

One of the most valuable contributions of Native Americans to the war effort was

as code talkers who transmitted war messages into their native languages.

None of these

as arms experts who consulted with generals and military planners.

as farmers who helped expand crop output for soldiers on the front.

as nurses and cooks on military bases.

African Americans did all of the following during World War II except

rally behind the slogan "Double V" (victory over dictators abroad and racism at home).

serve in the Army Air Corps.

fight in integrated combat units.

form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality.

move north and west in large numbers.

The employment of more than six million women in American industry during World War II led to

a strong desire of most women to work for wages.

a greater percentage of American women in war industries than anywhere else in the world.

a reduction in employment for black males.

equal pay for men and women.

the establishment of day-care centers by the government.

While most American workers were strongly committed to the war effort, wartime production was disrupted by strikes led by the

Teamsters.

Longshoremen's International Union.

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.

Industrial Workers of the World.

United Mine Workers.

During World War II, the United States government commissioned the production of synthetic ____ in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in East Asia.

tin

rubber

textiles

plastics

fuels

Despite the demands of the wartime economy, inflation was kept well in check during the war by

prosecuting war profiteers and black marketers who tried to earn windfall profits.

permitting large numbers of illegal migrants to enter the work force.

directing production to whatever goods were in most demand.

sharply constricting the flow of credit from the Federal Reserve Board.

federally imposed wage and price controls.

The impact of World War II on many of the New Deal programs launched during the Great Depression was that they

were retired due to wartime production.

became an established fixture of U.S. government programs.

provided much-needed jobs for the poor.

None of these

were expanded to gear up for wartime production.

All of the following are true statements about the effect of Executive Order No. 9066 on Japanese living in the U.S. except

The U.S. Supreme Court declared the Japanese relocation unconstitutional.

they were put in internment camps.

they lost hundreds of millions of dollars in property and lost wages.

they were victims of anti-Japanese prejudice.

The U.S. government officially apologized four decades later and gave each camp survivor $20,000.

The fundamental strategic decision of World War II made by President Roosevelt and the British at the very beginning of the war was to

fight an equally vigorous naval war against Japan and a land war against Germany and Italy.

arouse the American people to an idealistic crusade of the same sort that Woodrow Wilson had so effectively used in World War I.

force Italy out of the war first by attacking the soft underbelly of Europe.

plan for a second front in Western Europe as soon as possible.

concentrate first on the war in Europe and to place the Pacific war against Japan on the back burner.

Those opposed to the Lend-Lease program, such as members of Massachusetts' Woman's Political Club, feared that

None of these it was in violation of America's strict neutrality.

the lending countries would default on their debt.

it would eventually draw the nation into the war itself.

All of these

Franklin Roosevelt was motivated to run for a third term in 1940 mainly by his

mania for power.

personal desire to defeat his old political rival, Wendell Willkie.

opposition to Willkie's pledge to restore a strict policy of American neutrality.

belief that America needed his experienced leadership during the international crisis.

belief that the two-term tradition limited democratic choice.

Shortly after Adolf Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union

Italy signed a similar agreement with the Soviets.

Britain and France signed a similar agreement.

the Soviets attacked China.

the Germans invaded Finland.

Germany invaded Poland and started World War II.

In promising to grant the Philippines independence, the United States was motivated by

doubts about the islands' potential profitability.

the realization that the islands were economic liabilities.

treaty obligations.

the view that the islands were militarily indefensible.

regrets over their imperialistic takeover in 1898.

In September 1938 in Munich, Germany,

Britain and France acquiesced to the German reoccupation of the Rhineland.

Hitler signed the Axis Alliance Treaty with Japan.

Britain and France declared that an invasion of Poland would mean war.

Britain and France consented to Germany's taking the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.

Hitler declared his intention to take Austria.

Franklin Roosevelt's sensational Quarantine Speech in 1937 resulted in

a belief in Europe that America would stop fascist aggression.

a wave of protest by isolationists.

support from both Democratic and Republican leaders.

a modification of the Neutrality Acts.

a slowing of Japanese aggression in China.

The 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

was aimed at isolating Italy and Germany.

inhibited President Roosevelt's efforts to implement his Good Neighbor policy.

increased America's foreign trade.

raised America's tariff schedule.

was most strongly opposed in the South and West.

As part of his Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America, President Roosevelt developed more generous policies of

returning the Guantanamo naval base to Cuban control.

supporting Latin American strongmen in Argentina and Brazil.

removing American controls on Haiti, Cuba, and Panama.

moving Puerto Rico toward its independence.

encouraging Mexican immigration into the United States

Roosevelt's recognition of the Soviet Union was undertaken partly

to open opportunities for American investment in Siberian oil fields.

because the Soviet leadership seemed to be modifying its harsher communist policies.

to win favor with American liberals and leftists.

in order to win support from American Catholics.

in hope of developing a diplomatic counterweight to the rising power of Japan and Germany.

As a result of Franklin Roosevelt's withdrawal from the London Economic Conference

the trend toward extreme nationalism was strengthened.

inflation in the United States was reduced.

the United States began to pull out of the Depression.

the United States was voted out of the League of Nations.

tensions rose between the United States and Britain.

Overall, most ethnic groups in the United States during World War II

had their patriotism questioned as in World War I.

were further assimilated into American society.

were not allowed to serve in the military.

served in ethnically distinct military units.

cast their vote for Republican candidates opposed to the war.

Throughout most of the 1930s, the American people responded to the aggressive actions of Germany, Italy, and Japan by

beginning to build up their military forces.

giving only economic help to the targets of aggression.

assisting their victims with military aid.

retreating further into isolationism.

demanding an oil embargo on all warring nations.

Efforts to bring large numbers of Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany to the United States were largely blocked by

the inability to find sufficient passenger ships to bring refugees across the Atlantic to the United States.

internal tensions between German-Jewish and eastern European Jewish communities in the United States.

pro-Nazi and anti-Semitic organizations within the United States.

Zionist organizations that wanted to steer Jewish immigration to Israel, not the United States.

restrictive immigration laws and opposition from southern Democrats and the State Department.

During the 1930s, the United States admitted _________ Jewish refugees from Nazism.

nearly six million

about 150,000

about one million

only a handful of highly educated

almost no

Congress's first response to the unexpected fall of France in 1940 was to

enact a new neutrality law enabling the Allies to buy American war materials on a cash-and-carry basis.

call for the quarantining of aggressor nations.

expand naval patrols in the Atlantic.

revoke all the neutrality laws.

pass a conscription law.

In 1940, in exchange for American destroyers, the British gave the United States

six airbases in Scotland and Iceland.

a role in developing the atomic bomb.

"most favored nation" status.

access to German military codes.

eight valuable naval bases in the Western hemisphere.

By 1940, a strong majority of American public opinion had come to favor

the America First position.

active participation in the war.

permitting U.S. volunteers to fight in Britain.

shipping Britain everything except military weapons.

providing Britain "all aid short of war."

The surprise Republican presidential nominee in 1940 was

Thomas E. Dewey

Alfred E. Landon

Robert A. Taft

Wendell L. Wilkie

Charles A. Lindberg

When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the United States

gave only nonmilitary aid to Russia.

refused to provide any help, either military or economic.

made lend-lease aid available to the Soviets.

promised aid to the Soviets but did not deliver.

sent U.S. ships to Soviet naval bases.

By 1941, Japan believed that it had no alternative to war with the United States because Franklin Roosevelt absolutely insisted that Japan

withdraw from China.

renew its trade with America.

stop attempting to become a dominant Pacific naval power.

break its treaty of nonaggression with Germany.

withdraw from the Dutch East Indies.

Once at war, America's first great challenge was to

develop atomic weapons.

retool its industry for all-out war production.

raise an army and navy.

pass a conscription law.

extend aid to the Soviet Union.

Historians look to the fact that many women wanted to keep working and did after the war as

None of these

facilitating the increasing divorce rate.

helping to expand the nation's economy.

foreshadowing the eventual revolution in women's roles in America.

fueling the rise of home-buying across America.

Japanese Americans were placed in concentration camps during World War II

All of these

in retaliation for the placement of Americans in concentration camps by the Japanese.

as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear.

due to numerous acts of sabotage.

because many were loyal to Japan.

The first naval battle in history in which all of the fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft was the Battle of

The Java Sea.

Midway.

the Coral Sea.

Leyte Gulf.

Iwo Jima.

In waging war against Japan, the United States relied mainly on a strategy of

invading Japanese strongholds in Southeast Asia.

fortifying China by transporting supplies from India over the Himalayan hump.

heavy bombing from Chinese air bases.

turning the Japanese flanks in New Guinea and Alaska.

island hopping across the South Pacific while bypassing Japanese strongholds.

The Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 because

the wanted to wait until Germany and the Soviet Union had badly bloodied each other.

the British were fearful of becoming bogged down in a ground war in France.

the Soviet Union requested a delay until they could coordinate attacks on the eastern and western fronts.

they believed that North Africa was more strategically vital.

men and material were needed more urgently in the Pacific.

Hitler's advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of ________, after which his fortunes gradually declined.

the Bulge

Stalingrad

Monte Cassino

El Alamein

Until Spring 1943, perhaps Hitler's greatest opportunities of defeating Britain and winning the war was

was that German U-boats would destroy Allied shipping.

the defeatism of pro-fascist elements within upper-class British society.

that the American-British-Soviet alliance would collapse.

that General Rommel would conquer Egypt and the Suez Canal.

the possibility of a successful invasion across the English Channel.

The American conquest of _______ in 1944 was especially critical, because from there, U.S. aircraft could conduct round-trip bombing raids on the Japanese home islands.

Guam

Wake Island

New Guinea

Okinawa

Guadalcanal

Roosevelt's and Churchill's insistence on the absolute and "unconditional surrender" of Germany

encouraged anti-Hitler resisters in Germany to try to overthrow the Nazis.

may have prevented a "separate peace" between Hitler and Stalin.

guaranteed that Germany would have to be totally reconstructed after the war.

was largely unacceptable to the Soviets, who hoped to encourage a communist revolution inside Germany.

clearly shortened the war.

When the United States entered World War II in December 1941

it took nearly two years for the country to unite.

the idea of allying with the Communist Soviet Union was repugnant.

the conflict soon became an idealistic crusade for democracy.

the government repudiated the Atlantic Charter.

a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about.

About half of the women war workers said that the main reason they left the labor force at the end of World War II was

government requirements to hire veterans.

employer demands that they quit.

family obligations.

male discrimination on the job.

union demands.

During World War II, most Americans economically experienced

growing class conflict between the wealthy and the working class.

a continuing struggle to find employment.

prosperity in the cities but disastrous conditions on farms and in small towns.

prosperity and a doubling of personal income.

serious hardships due to rationing of essential goods.

During World War II, American Indians

moved off reservations in large numbers.

rarely enlisted in the armed forces.

promoted recovery of tribal languages.

demanded that President Roosevelt end discrimination in defense industries.

moved south to replace African American laborers.

The northward migration of African Americans accelerated after World War II because

Latinos had replaced blacks in the workforce.

the South made it clear that they were not wanted.

mechanical cotton pickers came into use.

the southern system of sharecropping was declared illegal.

northern cities had repealed segregation laws.

The national debt increased most during

Herbert Hoover's administration.

the 1920s.

World War II.

World War I.

Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal.

President Roosevelt's promise to the Soviets to open a second front in Western Europe by the end of 1942

was made to deceive Stalin and encourage him to slow his army's movement into Eastern Europe.

represented the key goal to which all early American military efforts were directed.

was strongly supported by Churchill and British military leaders.

proved utterly impossible to keep.

was fulfilled by the invasion of North Africa.

After the Italian surrender in August 1943, the

Soviets accepted the wisdom of delaying the invasion of France and pursuing the second front in Italy.

Americans withdrew from Italy to prepare for D-Day.

British demanded the restoration of the monarchy in Italy.

Allies found it easy to conquer Rome and the rest of Italy.

German army poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance.

The real impact of the Italian front on World War II may have been that it

delayed the D-Day invasion and allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into Eastern Europe.

destroyed the monastery of Monte Cassino and other Italian artistic treasures.

prevented the rise of fascism or communism in Italy after the war.

enabled the United States to prevent Austria and Greece from falling into Soviet hands.

enabled the Americans to appease both British and Soviet strategic demands.

At the wartime Teheran Conference

the Soviet Union agreed to allow free elections in Eastern European nations that its armies occupied at the end of the war.

the Soviet Union agreed to declare war on Japan within three months.

the Big Three allies agreed to divide postwar Germany into separate occupied zones.

plans were made for the opening of a second front in Europe.

it was agreed that the five Big Powers would have veto power in the United Nations.

The cross channel invasion of Normandy to open a second front in Europe was commanded by

Omar Bradley.

Dwight Eisenhower.

Douglas MacArthur.

George Patton.

Bernard Montgomery.

The most significant development in the Democratic convention of 1944 was that

party leaders developed a campaign that downplayed the New Deal's success.

Roosevelt's appearance at the convention revealed how physically frail he was.

Roosevelt's third-term vice president, Henry Wallace, was dumped in favor of Senator Harry Truman.

there was growing resistance to Roosevelt's pursuit of a fourth term.

the issue of civil rights came to the fore as the dominant concern of the party.

Hitler's last-ditch attempt to achieve a victory against the Americans and the British came in

the Battle of the Rhineland.

the final U-boat campaign against the American navy.

an attempt to arrange a negotiated peace with Stalin.

the Battle of the Bulge.

the attempt to assassinate Churchill and Roosevelt.

As result of the Battle of Leyte Gulf

Japan was nearly able to take Australia.

Japan was finished as a naval power.

Japan stalled an Allied victory.

Admiral William F. "Bull" Halsey lost his first naval engagement.

the United States could bomb Japan from land bases.

The unconditional surrender policy toward Japan was finally modified by

permitting the Japanese to retain a strong army but no real navy.

agreeing not to drop more than two atomic bombs on Japan.

agreeing to let the Japanese keep Emperor Hirohito on the throne.

guaranteeing that defeated Japan would be treated decently by American occupiers.

assuring the Japanese that there would be no war crimes trials.

Which of the following was not among the qualities of the American participation in World War II?

The preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction from the air.

A higher percentage of military casualties than any other Allied nation.

The maintenance and reaffirmation of the strength of American democracy.

A group of highly effective military and political leaders.

An enormously effective effort in producing weapons and supplies.

Most of the money raised to finance World War II came through

raising income taxes.

borrowing.

tariff collections.

excise taxes on luxury goods.

voluntary contributions.