Organ, Tissue, and Cell Types in Plants:
Different types of structures found in plants, each with specific functions and adaptations.
Plant Growth and Lifecycles:
The process by which plants grow and the different categories of their lifecycles.
Meristems:
Regions of plant growth located at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for primary growth.
Primary and Secondary Growth:
Types of plant growth; primary growth increases length, while secondary growth increases girth.
Growth, Morphogenesis, and Cell Differentiation:
Processes involved in plant development
Cell Division and Polarity:
The role of cell division in establishing plant polarity and the importance of asymmetrical cell division.
Flower Development and ABC Hypothesis:
The process of flower formation and the role of ABC genes
Plant Resources and Acquisition:
The resources plants need and how they acquire them.
Apoplast and Symplast:
Pathways for transport within plants.
Transport Routes in Plants:
Major routes for nutrient and water transport.
Xylem and Phloem:
Structures involved in transport, with xylem transporting water and phloem transporting nutrients.
Water Potential:
The potential energy of water in a system, important for water movement.
Xylem Sap Movement:
The process of moving xylem sap, involving adhesion and cohesion.
Stomata and Guard Cells:
Structures involved in gas exchange and their function
Phloem Sap Movement:
The process of moving phloem sap through positive pressure
Soil Properties and Plant Growth:
How soil type affects plant growth
Soil Components:
Major organic and inorganic components of soil
Intensive Agriculture vs. Soil Conservation:
Issues associated with different agricultural practices
Essential Elements:
Macro- and micronutrients required by plants
Mutualistic Relationships with Soil Organisms:
Types of relationships plants form with soil organisms.
Nitrogen Cycle and Bacteria:
The role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle, including nitrogen fixation and nitrification.
Mycorrhizae:
Symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots.
Non-Mutualistic Associations:
Types of feeding relationships plants form with other organisms.
Flower Parts and Arrangement:
Major parts of a flower and their arrangement.
Angiosperm Lifecycle:
Steps in the lifecycle of angiosperms, including alternation of generations
3 F’s of Angiosperm Lifecycle:
Flower, fruit, and fertilization.
Pollination Methods:
Main methods of pollination.
Seed Development Stages:
Stages required for a seed to develop into a flowering plant.
Fruit Formation and Role:
How fruits are formed and their role.
Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction:
Advantages and disadvantages of different reproductive strategies.
Self-Fertilization Prevention:
Mechanisms plants use to prevent self-fertilization.
Environmental Sensing and Signal Transduction:
How plants sense their environment and the importance of signal transduction pathways.
Plant Hormones (Auxin, Abscisic Acid, Ethylene):
Importance of these compounds for plants.
Light Sensing and Response:
How plants sense and respond to light
Response to External Stimuli:
How plants respond to various external cues.
Defense Mechanisms:
How plants defend themselves against pathogens and herbivores.
Thorn:
A sharp, modified stem.
Stem Branch:
A secondary stem growing from the main stem.
Flower:
The reproductive structure of angiosperms.
Branch Root:
A secondary root growing from the main root.
Lignin:
A complex organic polymer found in the cell walls of woody plants.
Decreased Water Loss:
A selective advantage of small leaves in arid environments.
Tracheid:
A type of water-conducting cell in the xylem.
Cell Elongation:
The primary driver of plant growth.
Petal-Petal-Stamen-Stamen:
Flower structure based on the ABC hypothesis with normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls.
Vascular Cambium:
The origin of additional vascular tissue in secondary growth.
Indeterminate Growth:
Growth that is not terminated, typical of most plant structures except flowers.
Higher Stomatal Density:
A factor that tends to increase transpiration.
Cohesion of Water Molecules:
The sticking together of water molecules, important for long-distance transport in plants.
Negative Water Potential:
A condition where water potential is lower than zero, driving water movement in plants.
Root Parenchyma:
Plant cells in roots involved in storage and transport.
Active Transport of Solutes:
The movement of solutes against a concentration gradient, requiring energy
Bulk Flow from Source to Sink:
The movement of substances from areas of high concentration to low concentration.
Wilting:
The loss of rigidity in plants due to water loss.
Phyllotaxy:
The arrangement of leaves on a stem.
Closing of Stomata:
Reduces water loss but also reduces photosynthesis.
Direction of Phloem Sap Flow:
Phloem sap can flow from leaves to roots or roots to leaves
Mycorrhizal Fungi
Fungi that increase root access to water and minerals.
Water Potential:
The potential energy of water in a system.
Pressure Potential:
The physical pressure on water in plant cells.
Transpiration:
The loss of water from the aerial parts of plants.
Negative Pressure through Evaporation:
The main force driving water within xylem vessels.
Soil Composition:
The best composition for nutrient, water, and air availability for root development.
Soil Oxygen Availability:
Soils with large amounts of clay provide the least oxygen to growing roots.
Macronutrients and Micronutrients:
Classified based on the quantities required by plants.
Leaching:
The loss of nutrients from the soil, more likely for negatively charged anions.
Micronutrients:
Needed in small amounts because they serve mainly as cofactors of enzymes.
Nitrogen Fixation:
The conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia.
Symbiotic Relationship Benefits:
Plants receive water and phosphorus; fungi receive photosynthetic products.
Carnivorous Plants:
Trap and digest small animals to supplement nitrogen and other minerals.
Flower Structure:
Order from outside to inside: Sepal, Petal, Stamen, Carpel.
Pollination Systems:
Wind pollination is less efficient than animal-assisted pollination.
Alternation of Generations:
Meiosis produces gametes.
Pollination:
The delivery of pollen to the stigma of a carpel.
Seed Development:
The ovule develops into a seed.
Asexual Reproduction:
Increased success of progeny in a stable environment.
Double Fertilization:
One sperm fertilizes the egg, and a second sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei
Seed Germination:
Water is taken up by cells of the seed coat.
Ethylene:
A chemical that speeds up ripening.
Phototropism and Gravitropism:
Shoots grow vertically toward the sun, positive for phototropism and negative for gravitropism.
Ethylene Production Sites:
Highest in ripening fruit.
Abscisic Acid:
Involved in drought resistance and seed dormancy.
I, II, IV, and V:
Important components of the long-distance transport process in plants.
Closing of Stomata:
Reduces water loss by transpiration but also reduces photosynthesis.
From Leaves to Roots or Roots to Leaves:
Direction phloem sap can flow.
Water and Minerals:
Increased root access by mycorrhizal fungi.
Pressure Potential Increase:
Likely outcome when isolated plant cells with a water potential of -0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of -0.3 MPa.
Negative Pressure through Evaporation:
Main force driving water within xylem vessels.
Equal Amounts of Sand, Clay, and Silt:
Best soil composition for availability of nutrients, water, and air for root development.
Clay:
Soil component providing the least amount of oxygen to growing roots.
Negatively Charged Anions:
More likely to leach from the soil.
Quantities Required by Plants:
Criteria for classifying chemicals into macronutrients and micronutrients.
Cofactors of Enzymes:
Reason micronutrients are needed in small amounts.
Converts Nitrogen Gas into Ammonia:
Best description of nitrogen fixation.
Water and Phosphorus:
Benefits received by plants from mycorrhizal fungi.
Nitrogen and Other Minerals:
Products of digestion by carnivorous plants.
III, IV, II, I:
Correct order of flower parts from outside to inside.
Wind Pollination is Less Efficient:
Indication about pollination systems.
Meiosis Produces Gametes:
Occurs during alternation of generations in plants.
Pollination:
Delivery of pollen to the stigma of a carpel.
Ovule:
Flower part that develops into a seed.
Increased Success of Progeny in a Stable Environment:
Evolutionary advantage of asexual reproduction in plants.
One Sperm Fertilizes the Egg, and a Second Sperm Fertilizes the Polar Nuclei:
Definition of double fertilization.
Water is Taken Up by Cells of the Seed Coat:
Process occurring earliest when seed germination begins.
Ethylene:
Chemical that speeds up ripening of tomatoes.
Positive for Phototropism and Negative for Gravitropism:
Characterization of shoots growing vertically toward the sun.
Ripening Fruit:
Site of highest ethylene production in plants.
Drought Resistance and Seed Dormancy:
Involvement of abscisic acid.
Blue Light Response:
Plants grow toward light and redistribute chloroplasts to the sunny side of each cell to maximize light absorption for photosynthesis.
Seed Planting Depth:
Some seeds need to be covered with only a thin layer of soil because light is required to germinate these seeds.
Systemic Acquired Resistance:
A generalized defense response in organs distant from the site of infection, involving salicylic acid.
Organ-Level Defense:
Leaves modified into spines as a defense against herbivory.
Maximizes Light Absorption by Chloroplasts for Photosynthesis:
The adaptive advantage of moving chloroplasts to the sunny side of each cell upon exposure to blue light.
Light is Required to Germinate These Seeds:
The most likely reason some seeds are to be covered with only a thin layer of soil after planting.
Systemic Acquired Resistance:
The term describing a generalized defense response in organs distant from the site of infection, involving salicylic acid.
Organ-Level Defense:
The term for leaves modified into spines as a defense against herbivory.