-Anavysos Kouros
-Classical Ancient Greece
-Marble
-Warrior, much more realistic, still partially stylized, has ankles!
-Achilles and Ajax Playing a Dice Game, Exekias
-Classical Ancient Greece
-Clay, black figure type
-the build up of tension, but during a break in the war, a lot of directional force and the moment of most tension (right before climax), signatures now appear at the bottom of the works of art. base is black, scraped off negative space
-Kritios Boy
-Early Ancient Greece
-Marble
-more naturalization, first time seeing controposto
-Warrior from the Sea off Riace, Italy (will most likely be on test)
- Early Ancient Greece
-Bronze
-found in the ocean, would have been a pair, originally had wooden accessories like a shield, nudity in reference to bravery
-Polykleitos, Spear Bearer (Doryphanos)
-Early Ancient Greece
-Roman copy of a bronze soldier
-Marble
-Controposto, each part is a work of a whole, warrior held shield and spear, no emtion and nude
-Kallikrates and Iktinos, The Parthenon
-Early Ancient Greece
-Marble
-gift to goddess Athena,
-Hermes and the Infant Dionysis by Praxiteles
-Late Ancient Greece
-Marble
-Zeus has many kids bc he's a slut, idealized and stoic, s-curve controposto which is huge with this artist
-Weary Herakles by Lypsippos
-roman copy of a bronze original
-demigod, 12 labors, tired body posture, psychological exploration
-Dying Gaul by Epigonos
-Late Ancient Greece
-Roman copy of a greek original, marble
-Wounded, on shield, not an old and ugly monster, but rather an idealized enemy to depict dignity. STARRED
-Nike alighting on a worship
-Late Ancient Greece
-marble
-landing with wings open, moving cloth, like a living and breathing animated statue
-Aphrodite (Venus de Milo) by Alexandros of Antioch on the Meander
-Late Ancient Greece
-marble
-stoic face, downright sexually naked, disrobbing
-more pronounced s-curve, human entity, votive offering
-Seated Boxer
-Late Ancient Greece
-bronze
-Not hierarchy seating, but seated because he isn't in a moment of tension or climax. tired, depicting different aspects of life, not just victories
-Apulu
-Etruscan art
-Painted terracotta
-similar to archaic smile, v frontal like Kouros, different bc of clothing, he's actually moving, more realistic
-Sarcophagus w/ reclining couple
-Etruscan art
-painted terracotta
-also cremated, but if wealthy, would commission a sarcophagus. Ancient greece had symposiums, but now women could attend events and banquets, not a true portrait, almond shaped eyes and dreaded hair
-Interior of the tomb of the leopards
-Etruscan
-banquet social scene, women depicted as lighter than men. twisted view
-Chimera of Arezzo
-Etruscan
-bronze
- composite creature monster, head of lion and goat, serpent tail, shown malnourished and weak, still fighting, votive offering
-Patrician with Portrait Bust of Two Ancestors
-Roman Republic
-marble
-Being old is a huge importance in art (veristic), body was premade, then portrait head would be added, shows citizenship of generations which was a flex
-Pont Du Gard
-Roman Republic
-brick, aquaduct
-brings clean water elsewhere
-Denarius w/ Portrait of Julius Caesar
-Roman Republic
-silver
-1st time seeing a non-diety on a coin, coins promote those in rule, portraiture but as a political statement, shown as older in this one
-Portrait of Augustus as General
-Early Roman Empire
-Marble
-Baby Ero at leg so Augustus could claim a familial connection to the gods. Maintains peace and prosperity. Augustus was depicted as many different things to represent that he is for the people and he wanted them to like him (all roman art is propaganda)
-Young Flavian Woman
-Early Roman Empire
-Marble
-first time seeing beauty for beauty's sake, still political bc we can see fashion trends
-Colosseum
-Early Roman Empire
-Concrete
-Gladiators, purchased slaves that were trained to fight. Not killed bc they cost money to train, corporal punishment like prisons, not pitted against animals in the trad way we were taught
-trapdoors, flooding colosseum, anyone could go to an ampitheater but they had to sit according to their ranking in society
-Arch of Titus
-Early Roman Empire
-Stone
-Victory arch, art as a gateway and a celebration of almost anything (like building a new road)
-Pantheon
-High Roman Empire
-concrete
-built under Hadrian's rule, place to worship to many gods. Columns only in the front, epitome of roman art/architecture, dedicated t Mars, Venus, and Julius Caesar. Dome representing sphere/the world. occulus to represent heaven and drama, basalt for base, marble veneer, pumice top. STARRED
-Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius
-High Roman Art
-bronze
=aurator stance, weary face, wrote about his struggles, his reign is the beginning of classical art. STARRED
-one of the first emperors to show concern and weariness
-Bust of Caracalla
-Late Roman Empire
-marble
-had wife murdered, one son of Severus, bravery in nudity with a status cape. Not weary, furrowed brows, v different from the friendly augustus, started hair trend, cape equals status
-Portrait of Four Tetrants
-Late Roman Empire
-purple marble
-Diacletions tries to share power (split empire four rulers, falls apart but east and west still stay split) with maximinian to save himself from assassination. civil war resumes later, not nearly as naturalistic, shortened, almost look identical, trust to share power, but still hesitant, each ruler had one hand holding the hand of another and the other hand on their sword
-Arch of Constantine
-Late Roman Empire
-concrete and marble
-3 arches which is different from early empire. Constantine ended issues of Milach (christian persecution). moves east to make new Rome (Constantinopal), things taken from other monumets
-Colossal Head of Constantine
-Late Roman Empire
-marble
-very roman with the hooked nose, in basilica nova, stylized, bigger=less face details. wooden torso, then bronze cast, then marble final outing
-The Crossings of the Red Sea, detail of Dura
-Early Jewish Art
-Tempera on plaster
-Won't see god during this time, but will see his hands. lots of flattening, hierarchy of scale, wearing Roman clothing, purple for royalty
-The Good Shepherd
-Early Christian Art
-Fresco
-under paganism, gods are petty, angry, vengeful, and used for propaganda, whereas this shows that god is good. Images of Apollo in center, disk of sunlight/halo around Jesus, reminder of his promise to lay down his life for the people and their sins.
-Christ as the Good Shepherd
-Early Christian Art
-Marble
-Similar to Roman art, to avoid persecution art style changes. Youth, adolescence not to punish but to take care of.
-Church of Hagia Sophia by Anthenius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus
-Byzantine
-concrete
-architects were scholars of things like math and science, Arabic discs as it later became a mosque. space and light emphasize spirituality, has clerestory windows and dome, gold reflects light, public space for worship created by a culture with no secularism. Justinian and Theodora (rulers at the time) worshipped here
-Emperor Justinian and His Attendants
-Byzantine
-mosaic
-gold background and Justinian is floating, not on earthly plain. head of state and has halo, 3 groups: emperor, clergy, and imperial guard to show his rule over church and state
-Christ Blessing/Pantocrator
-Byzantine
-encaustic on wood
-2 sides of face, one more judging and the other accepting and who you see in the morning first is who you are for that day.
-Crucifixion
-Byzantine
-mosaic
-emotional appeal, sacraficing life for humanity, gold back, rocks and skull to represent adam's burial (connection of new testament. christ feels human pain)
-Christ Pantokrator with Scenes from the Life of Christ
-Byzantine
-mosaic
-gold, squinches, judgey--christ comes back to judge souls, unkind
-The Great Mosque
-Islamic
-originally christian church but was used by romans before, pediment on top
-Dome in front of the Mihrab, The Great Mosque
-Islamic
-in cordoba which was a huge commercial and intellectual hub and catered to the arts. Inscriptions and geometric motifs, stylized vegetation
-Plate with Kufic Border
-Islamic
-ceramic
-writing says "knowledge, the beginning is bitter to taste, the end is sweet like honey
...
-Muhammad Ibn al-Zain, Baptistery of St. Loius
-Islamic
-brass inlaid with silver and gold
-royal events depicted. defeating mongols, animals to symbolize might and power, used to baptise royal babies
...
-Mosque of Sultan Selim, Sinan
-Islamic
-goal was to create a dome larger than Hagia Sophia, 4 minarets for symmetry, not red unlike Hagia Sophia, buttressing, marketplaces, and squinches
-Masjid I-Shah, Isfahan
-Islamic
-Timirid architecture
-onion dome, 4 ewon planes for teaching, keel arch, pattern, rhythm and repetition
-Doric Columns: used in Early Ancient Greece
-Ionic and Corinthian Orders: iused in late Ancient Greece
-basic parts of a Greek temple
What are the differences and functions of Greek theaters vs Roman amphitheaters?
Greek:
-plays were religious, carved into natural hillside, only a semi-circle
Roman:
-for sport and entertainment, made into manmade mountain with concrete, completely enclosed
What are the differences between Greek, Etruscan, and Roman temples? Materials, colonnade/orders, and location.
...
-Groin vault is connected to barrel vaults
-barrel vault
-dome
-oculus
What are the different parts of a basilica?
-nave in center, aisles on side, apse in the end like a half circle
What are the differences between a Roman and Christian basilica?
-Roman basilicas were used as public spaces like courthouses, Christian basilicas were modified spaces used for religious worship.
...
-pendentives
-squinches
What are the different parts of a mosque and their function?
-Qibia Wall: faces Kabba, has a nook for the mihrab
-Mihrab: where the Qur'an is kept
-Minbar: Imam climbs the steps of this raised platform so his prayers can be heard
-Minaret: tower where the call to prayer takes place
What are the differences in how humans are portrayed?
-naturalistic, flattened, only in secular depictions, like they're floating, veristic and old, idealized and young, nude, politically, etc.
What are the different funerary practices?
-cremation and buried, mummified, placed in catacombs, put in mausoleums, etc.)
-Greek and Etruscan both cremated, Greeks focused on mourning, and unsure of what happened to the dead. Etruscan had sarcophagus and was focusing on what they liked in life and a hope for good afterlife. Early Jewish and Christian had catacombs because you needed the body for the afterlife.
Summarize the 3 Abrahamic faiths and their religious beliefs, label books, places of worship, and who give sermons.
-Rabi in Jewish, Bishop in Christian, Imam in Islam
-t Torah J, The Bible C, the Qur'an I
-five pillars of Islam: 1.there is one god and Muhammad is his prophet. 2. Prayer to Mecca five times daily. 3. Alms are 1/40th of one’s assets to charity. 4. Dawn to dusk fast during Ramadan. 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once if applicable.
- Christian’s believe there is one god and Jesus Christ is his son, love thy neighbor and god.
-Jewish people believe that it starts with Moses but dates back to Abraham, one god that they have a covenant with. Synagogues.