Axial skeleton Flashcards

any hole in a bone

shallow depression in bone

rough raised surface of bone

large rough raised surface of bone

prominent feature found only on femur

deep hole through a thick piece pf bone

sharp bone projecting from bone

slightly raised elevation on bone

higher raised elevation of bone

hole or crack on bone

rounded surface involved articulation of two bone

flat surface of bone involve a joint

skull

hyoid bone

auditory bones

vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)

thorax (sternum, ribs)

cranial and facial bones

8 bones surround the brain

ethmoid, frontal, occipital, and sphenoid bones

parietal and temporal bones

14 bones that form the face and no brain contact

vomer and mandible bones

maxillae, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic,
palatine, and inferior nasal conchae bones

immovable joints btw skull bones

goes away with aging , commonly small

junction btw frontal and parietal bones

junction btw occipital and parietal bones

junction btw parietal bones

junction btw temporal and parietal bones

ossicles and mandible

depression in a bone

• Anterior cranial fossa (frontal lobes)
• Middle cranial fossa (temporal lobes)
• Posterior cranial fossa (cerebellum)

• Frontal
• Lacrimal
• Ethmoid
• Sphenoid
• Maxilla
• Zygomatic
• Palatine

partially cartilage

passage for air during breathing

• Maxilla
• Ethmoid
• Lacrimal
• Palatine
• Vomer
• Inferior Nasal Conchae

Air-filled spaces in skull bones around nasal cavity

mouth

• Maxillae
• Palatine
• Teeth
• Mandible
• Hyoid bone

form the forehead and the root of the orbit

Frontal sinuses

four sided bones

forms roof and sides of the cranium

1. Coronal suture
2. Lambdoid suture
3. Sagittal suture
4. Squamous suture

Forms back of the head and the majority of the
base of the cranium
• Foramen magnum - spinal cord vertebral +spinal arteries

occipital condyles -Articulate with the 1st cervical vertebrae

Form the inferior lateral portion of the
cranium
• Also forms a portion of the cranial floor

1. Zygomatic Process
2. Styloid process
3. Mastoid process
4. External Auditory Meatus
5. Internal Auditory Meatus
6. Carotid Canal
7. Jugular Foramen

butterfly shaped , mid base of skull , houses pituitary glands

Attachment for muscles of
mastication

delicate bone btw the orbits

superior nasal septum

• Anterior floor of cranium and roof of nasal cavity
• Contains olfactory foramina
• CN I
• Superior projection: crista galli
• Attachment for falx cerebri

1. nasal bone - near the nose

2. palatine bone - roof of mouth

3. inferior nasal conchae - covered with mucosa - filters air

4. vomer - triangle floor of the nasal cavity

5. lacrimal bones - smallest bone of face gathers tears

6. zygomatic bones - check bones -Attachment of muscles of mastication and facial expression

7. maxilla - upper jaw

8. mandible - lower jawbone largest

body- mental foramen

rami- mandibular foramen

Condylar process
Coronoid process

• Bones of the middle ear
• Malleus, Incus, Stapes
• Found within the temporal bone
• Transmit and amplify vibrations
from tympanic membrane (ear
drum) to cochlea (inner ear)

small u shaped inferior to mandible

not connected to other bones

supports the mouth and neck muscles

• 26 vertebra
• Cervical 7
• Thoracic 12
• Lumbar 5
• Sacrum 1 (fused)
• Coccyx 1 (fused)
• Intervertebral discs
• 25% of height of column
• Avascular
• Two parts
• Annulus fibrosus: fibrocartilage (in a ring around the outside)
• Nucleus pulposus: soft, mucoid substance (center)

• Encloses and protects spine (nervous tissue)
• Supports head
• Attachment point for ribs, pelvis, and muscles of the back, upper
and lower limbs
• Balance and shock absorption

Functions to maintain balance while upright, absorb shocks, protection from fracture

Convex (secondary curves)
• Cervical
• Lumbar
• Concave (primary curves)
• Thoracic
• Sacral

• Increase in thoracic curve
• Seen in the elderly due to degeneration of
intervertebral discs

• Increase in lumbar curve
• Due to increased weight of abdomen
• Common in pregnancy

• Lateral bending
• Often in thoracic region
• May be congenital

Often seen in the lumbar region of the vertebral
column
• Annulus fibrosis can be weakened and rupture
• Leads to protrusion of the nucleus
pulposus→herniated disc
• May press on spinal nerves, resulting in pain

Processes
• Transverse (2)
• Spinous (1)
• Superior articular (2)
• Inferior articular (2)
• Vertebral foramen/canal
• Intervertebral foramen

• Flatter and smaller
• Smaller bodies and larger vertebral canals
• Additional hole (transverse foramen) for
vertebral artery (blood supply to brain)

• Larger than cervical, smaller than lumbar
• Additional facets

Largest of vertebrae with smallest vertebral canal

• Ring of bone
• No vertebral body or spinous process
• Articulates with occipital condyles to make atlanto-
occipital joint
• Allows to nod head “yes”

• Dens: process which atlas rotates around
• Allows to shake head “no”
• Atlanto-axial joint

• Fusion of five vertebrae
• Foundation for pelvic girdle
• Sacral canal

Termination of vertebral column
• 3-5 fused vertebrae
• Fusion complete between 20-30 years old
• “Vestigial Tail”

Bony frame around chest composed of:
• Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
• Ribs laterally
• Sternum anteriorly
• Protects heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, and other thoracic organ

Articulate posteriorly with thoracic
vertebrae

Ribs 1-7
• Connect to sternum via cartilage

Ribs 8-10
• Connect via shared cartilage

Ribs 11-12
• Do not join sternum at al

The “breastbone” in anterior midline
• Three parts
• Manubrium
• Attachment of clavicle & first ribs
• Body
• Attachment of ribs 2 to 10
• Xiphoid process
• Sharp point of bone
• Attachment for some anterior abdominal muscles