Conjugation
The union of bacteria cells where information is passed between the F+(donor) to F-(recipient)
Plasmid
The extrachromosomal autonomously replication of circular DNA
F (fertility) factor
Bacterial episome(on plasmid of chromosome) that allows for it to be the donor in conjunction
Hfr (high frequency of recombination)
A bacteria cell where the F factor is integrated into the chromosome, acts as the the origin during conjunction.
Exconjugate
A bacterium that's undergone conjunction
Endogenote
The recipient of the transfer during conjunction
Exogenote
The donor during conjunction
Merozygote
A cell that is partial diploid that contains both exogenote and endogenote
Origin of transfer
The fixed point from where the DNA transfer begins during conjunction
Transformation
Introduction of foreign DNA through external means
Bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria
Lytic cycle
Mode of infection where the bacteriophage infects the bacteria cell and replicates then lyses the cell, releasing the progeny
Virulent bacteriophage
A bacteriophage that always completes the lytic cycle
Prophage
A phage(virus) genome integrates itself into the host's DNA
Lysogenic
The state of a bacterial cell with a prophage integrated into it's DNA
Lysogenic bacterium (lysogen)
A bacterial cell that is capable of spontaneously lysis.
Ex to release a prophage integrated in the DNA
Temperate bacteriophage
A phage that is capable of entering t lysogenic cycle with it's host. Phage that can become a prophage
Transduction
The movement of genic material through bacteriophage vectors
nucleoside
A molecule composed of a nitrogen base bound to a sugar molecule
nucleotide
A molecule composed of nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate group. the basic block of nucleic acids.
conservative replication
A disproved model of DNA replication where half of daughter strands are predicted to having both strands being fully newly synthesized nucleotides
dispersive replication
A disproved model of DNA replication where more or less random intermixed parental and newly synthesized components ofeach strand.
semi-conservative replication
The current model of DNA replication where each strand of parental DNA acts as a template for synthesis of the daughter molecules.
origin
The start point of DNA replication
replication fork
The point where DNA strands are separated to start replication of each strand
leading strand
DNA that is being synthesized in the same direction that the replication fork is proceeding.
lagging strand
DNA that is being synthesized in the opposite direction of the replication fork proceeding.
Okazaki fragments
A small single stranded DNA with a RNA primer at the 5' termus synthesized as apart of the lagging strand
telomere
The tip/end of a linear chromosome
gene (molecular terminology
Segment of DNA that can be transcribed into RNA and the regulatory sequence that makes transcription possible.
consensus sequence
A DNA sequence in a particular sequence that is conserved amongst individuals
RNA processing (co-transcriptional
The modifications( capping, splicing, and polyadenylation) made to eukaryotic RNA prior to leaving nucleus.
alternative splicing
production of different mRNA from same primary transcription due to alternative splicing pattens.
primary transcript (pre-mRNA)
eukaryotic RNA prior to processing
informational RNA
RNA used as template for protein synthesis (mRNA)
functional RNA
RNA which is functional as a RNA molecule
Transcription
Production of RNA from a DNA template
RNA polymerase
Enzyme that transcribes RNA from DNA
promoter
A set of DNA sequences to which RNA polymerase binds to initiates transcription.
repressor
A protein that binds to a DNA element to prevent transcription
activator
A protein that binds to a DNA element to activates transcription
polypeptide
A chain of linked amino acids
Active site
The part of the protein that is required for functioning
translation
production of a polypeptide chain from mRNA
codon
3 nucleotides in mRNA that encodes for an amino acid
anticodon
3 nucleotides in tRNA that forms complimentary base pairs to codon.
wobble
the ability of the 3rd nucleotide of the anticodon (5' end) to pair imprecisely, allowing the anticodon to align with different codons
frameshift mutation
The addition or deletion of a nucleotide which results in a chamge to the reading frame
signal sequence
the amino- terminal of a secreted protein ehich is needed for the export of the protein from the cell
nuclear localization sequence (nls
The sequence required for a protein to transport from the cytoplasm to the nucleus
operon
prokarotic multigenic segments that share regulatory regions.