What is a gene?
A coding for a particular trait
What is allele?
different variations for a gene
What is a gene pool?
The set of genes in a population
What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup or genes present on your chromosome
What is a phenotype?
The physical characteristics that are being expressed
What is homozygous?
Having the same allele for a gene (AA or aa)
What is heterozygous?
Having a different allele for a gene (Aa)
The dominant will be expressed
What is homozygous dominant?
Having the same dominant allele (AA)
What is homozygous recessive?
Having the same recessive allele (aa)
What is evolution?
The change in a populations allelic frequency over time
What is the Hardy-Weinberg Law?
The ratio at which alleles occur in a population over generations
Hardy-Weinberg Law only occurs when?
the population is not evolving
What are the 5 assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law?
1. No specific selection
2. No mutations
3. no migration
4. Large population
5. Random mating
True or false the Hardy-Weinberg Law can determine how far off populations are.
True
What is the allelic frequency formula?
p+q=1
What does p represent?
The frequency of the dominant allele
What does q represent?
The frequency of the recessive allele
What is the genotypic frequency formula?
P^2+2pq+q^2=1
What does p^2 represent?
frequency of homozygous dominant
What does q^2 represent?
frequency of homozygous recessive
What does pq2 represent?
frequency of heterozygous
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What is the founder affect?
When a small group breaks off from a large population and becomes isolated.
What are the 4 life cycles?
Chlamydomonas
Plasmodium
plasmodia slime mold
cellular slime mold
Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes- DNA is circular, no membrane-bound nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotes- membrane-bound nucleus, linear chromosomes, contain organelles, 10x larger than prokaryotic cells
What is the taxonomic hierarchy? (biggest to smallest)
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What is the acronym for the taxonomic heircarhy?
Do koalas prefer chocolate or fruit, generally speaking?
How do you classify bacteria?
Using grams stain
What are the 3 domain?
Prokaryotes - Bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotes - Eukarya
Homo sapien - what is the species and genus name
genus -Homo
species - sapien
What are some characteristics of domain archea?
Found in extreme environments (extremophiles), no peptidoglycan, more related to domain eukarya
What are some examples of extremophiles?
Methanogens - make methane (cows?)
Halophiles - Salt lovers
Thermoacidophiles - low pH and high temp lovers
Characteristic of domain bacteria
Most have either a lot or a little peptidoglycan in the cell wall
What are the 2 groups bacteria can be classified in?
Gram positive and negative
Which gram test is harder to treat?
Gram negative because of the outer membrane
What does gram positive or gram negative mean?
Gram-negative (like E. coli) - outer membrane makes it resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin.
What color does gram positive stain?
Violet (purple)
What is cyanobacteria and where is it located?
A unique type of photosynthetic prokaryote that contains chlorophylllla. It is found in the thylakoid membranes.
What shapes do bacteria come in?
round(cocci), rod-shaped(bacilli), and spiral(spirilla)
What are the 3 bacterial arrangements?
-Staphylo – clusters
-Strepto – chains
-Diplo – pairs
What is the flagella for in domain bacteria?
for movement
What is positive/negative chemotaxis
Movement in response to chemicals
What is positive/negative phototaxis
Movement in response to light
What are the 3 ways bacteria moves?
1. Bacteria transformation
2. Bacteria transduction
3. Bacteria conjugation
Most bacteria are what?
Heterotrophic - cannot make their own food
What is symbosis?
ecological relationship between different species in direct contact with each other
What are the 4 kingdoms in eukaryotes?
plantae, fungi, protista, and animalia