wavelength
the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of gamma rays to the long pulses of radio transmission
hue
the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth
intensity
the amount of energy in a light wave or sound waves, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Intensity is determined by the wave's amplitude (height)
retina
the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
accomodation
the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
rods
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond
cones
retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
optic nerve
the nerve that carries nerve impulses from the eye to the brain
blind spot
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there
fovea
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory
the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color
opponent-process theory
the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green
feature detectors
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
parallel processing
processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions
gestalt
an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
figure-ground
the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)
grouping
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
depth perception
the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
visual cliff
a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
binocular cue
a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes
retinal disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance- the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object
monocular cue
a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone
phi phenomenon
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change
perceptual adaptation
the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field