six parts of the chain of infection
infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, porta; of entry, susceptible
Three main modes of transmission
contact, droplet, airborne
type of precautions used on all clients
standard precautions
three lines of defense in the body
physical and chemical barriers, nonspecific immunity, specific immunity
steps of infammation
1) pattern receptors on cell surfaces recognize harmful stimuli; 2) inflammatory pathways are activated; 3) inflammatory markers are released; 4) inflammatory cells are recruited
expected WBC count
5,000 to 10,000/mm3
five types of WBC's
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils
medical sepsis (clean technique)
minimizes the presence of disease-causing micro-organisms
type of room needed for a client requiring airborne precautions
AIIR also called negative pressure room
PPE needed for a client requiring droplet precautions
mask
multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)
organisms that are resistant to one or more classes of existing antimicrobials
infection control bundles ( care bundles)
guidelines for practice that are bundled together to help prevent HAIs such as CAUTIs, CLABSIs, VAPs, and SSIs