What is chromotogrophy?
separating a complex mixture into its components based on solubility (polarity)
more oxygen equals
more polarity
longer wavelengths indicate what
lower frequency and lower energy
Shorter wavelengths indicate what
higher frequency and higher energy
what waves has the longest wavelengths
radio waves
what waves has the shortest wavelengths
gamma rays
what do pigments do?
work together to utilize as much of the light spectrum as possible
What does it mean if a wavelength is absorbed?
That organisms have used energy from it
What are the 2 phases of photosynthesis
light reaction and the Calvin cycle (dark reaction)
What are producers(autotrophs)?
Are able to produce their own food.
What are consumers(heterotrophs)?
They are unable to produce their own food and rely on other soruces.
What is photosynthesis?
When light energy(sun) is transformed into chemical energy(glucose)
What is the order of the visible spectrum(from shortest to longest)
gamma rays, x-rays, UV, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves
What are the 4 pigments found in chloroplast?
Chlorophyll a and B, xanthophylls, and carotenes
Why do green plants appear green?
Because they reflect the green wavelengths of light
What color is chlorophyll a?
blue-green
What color is chlorophyll b?
yellow-green
What color are carotenes?
yellow-orange
What color is xanthophylls?
yellow
Know the pigments location on the strip
A. Carotene
B. xanthinol
C. Chlorophyll a
D. Chlorophyll B
What is mitosis?
A type of cell division that allows cells to grow and increase the number of cells.
Mitosis have what types of cells?
somatic
What is the difference between a haploid(n) and diploid(2n)?
haploid(n)- a single set of chromosomes
diploid(2n)- cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes
Mitosis/cytokinesis start and end with what?
They both start and end with a diploid
What is the basic function of the cell cycle?
to duplicate DNA in chromosomes and separate the copies of the identical cell daughters.
The majority of a cells life is spent where?
interphase (90% of the time)
Interphase of mitosis is split into what periods?
G1, S, and G2
What is the G1 phase?
the cells begins to grow larger.
decondensed chromosomes, mass of chromatin
What is the S phase?
Where the chromosomes are replicated
double-stranded chromosome, identical 2nd arm (sister chromatid
What is the G2 phase?
where the cell prepares to divide by mitosis
enzymes and proteins synthesize to prepare for cell division
What is cytokinesis?
When the cell cycle is completed (after mitosis) and the cytoplasm divides.
How many restriction points(checkpoints) are there in cell division?
3
What are the safeguards in the checkpoints?
They are proteins called cyclin-dependent kinases or cdks
What occurs during the s phase?
chromosomes have a double stranded helix of DNA.
What happens during the s phase?
the 2 strands of DNA helix unwind and separate and each are replicated. By the end there are 2 helixes of DNA called chromatids.
What are centromeres?
where chromatids are joined together(the waist)
When do spindle fibers begin to assemble?
During G2 phase
Human somatic cells have how many chromosomes?
46 - diploids
Human sperm/ova cells have how many chromosomes?
22 somatic plus 1 sex/gamete chromosome – haploid
What are the phases of mitosis?
PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
What happens in prophase?
chromosomes pair up(condense), nuclear membrane disappears, and the miotic spindle begins to form.
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle using the spindle fibers. (centrioles play an important role)
Do plants and animals have spindle fibers?
yes
Do plants and animals have centrioles?
No, only animals do.
What are centrioles?
They are small structures made up of microtubules that help organize them. They are also part of the centrosome.
What happens during anaphase?
The sister chromatids are pulled apart. The chromatids are now called daughter chromosomes.
What happens during telophase?
The cell pinches to the middle allowing to cells to begin to form. The nuclear membrane begins to form, spindle fibers/centrioles disappear, and chromosomes begin to uncoil.
What happens during cytokinessis?
The cytoplasm divides and two identical daughter cells are made.
What happens in a plant cell during cytokinesis?
A cell plate is formed
Mitosis is... and meiosis is...
asexual and sexual reproduction
What is meiosis?
Sexually reproduction using gametes (sex cells) containing half the normal number of chromosomes (haploids).
How many rounds of division can meiosis go through?
2 (compared to mitosis which can only go through 1)
Does meiosis have homologous pairs?
yes
What is the difference between homologous and heterologous?
homo-same
hetero-different
What are alleles?
alternate forms of genes
What are the 2 nuclear divisions of meiosis and what do they produce?
Meiosis I and II
-4 daughter nuclei that contain half the chromosomes and DNA of the parent.
Diploid organisms contain what...
homologous chromosomes
What happens during meiosis I?
homologous chromosome separate
What are the phases of meiosis I?
Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase II, Anaphase I, Telophase I, and cytokinesis (1 cell)
What happens during meiosis II?
sister chromatids separate
What are the phases of meiosis II?
prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, and cytokinesis. (2 cells)
When do the sister chromatids crossover in meiosis?
during prophase I of meiosis
What does meiosis start and end with?
diploid and ends with haploid
How many chromosomes do diploid cells have?
46
How many chromosomes do haploid cells have?
23
What is Mendel's law?
Because organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes, they also have pairs of genes (Punnett square)
What does capital and lowercase letters mean?
Capital - Dominant
Lowercase- recessive
What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?
Homozygous: AA or aa (same)
Heterozygous: Aa (different)
What is Mendel's first Law?
Alleles segregate during meiosis
What do punnent squares do?
determine all the possibilities for genotypes that would be present in the next generation
What is a phenotype?
observable characteristic resulting from interaction between genotype and environment
What is a genotype?
genetic makeup of an organism, determined by the combination of genes inherited from both parents.
What is Mendel's 2nd law?
Genes are unlinked and therefore alleles sort independently of one another
Know how to do a punnent square
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